DNA barcodes for two scale insect families, mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) and armored scales (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)

Abstract

Although DNA barcode coverage has grown rapidly for many insect orders, there are some groups, such as scale insects, where sequence recovery has been difficult. However, using a recently developed primer set, we recovered barcode records from 373 specimens, providing coverage for 75 species from 31 genera in two families. Overall success was >90% for mealybugs and >80% for armored scale species. The G·C content was very low in most species, averaging just 16.3%. Sequence divergences (K2P) between congeneric species averaged 10.7%, while intra-specific divergences averaged 0.97%. However, the latter value was inflated by high intra-specific divergence in nine taxa, cases that may indicate species overlooked by current taxonomic treatments. Our study establishes the feasibility of developing a comprehensive barcode library for scale insects and indicates that its construction will both create an effective system for identifying scale insects and reveal taxonomic situations worthy of deeper analysis.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: DNA barcoding identification of Pseudococcidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) using the mitochondrial COI gene

“…A target 650-bp fragment of COI was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using an Eppendorf Mastercycler pro and following primers: PcoF1-5 0 -CCTTCAACTAATCATAAAAA TATYAG-3 0 and LepR1-5 0 -TAAACTTCTGGATGTCCAAAAAATCA-3 0 (Park et al 2011). The amplification protocol was set as follows: 95 C for 4 min; followed by 35 cycles at 94 C for 1min, 48 C for 1min, and 72 C for 45 s; and a final extension at 72 C for 4 min.…”

“…For example: 'Moreover, the mtDNA COI sequences of Pseudococcidae reveal an higher variability than other genes in Planococcus ficus, P. minor and P. citria and notably than 18S and 28S gene sequences (He et al 2007). Park et al (2011) revealed the characteristic of the nucleotide composition in scale insects DNA barcode sequences by redesigning the forward primer of COI gene sequences for the effectiveness study of the species identification in Diaspididae and Pseudococcidae. Saccaggi et al (2008) distinguished Planococcus ficus, P. citri and Pseudococcus longispinus by the characteristic analysis of the mtDNA COI gene sequences.'…”

A new species of Dysmicoccus damaging lavender in French Provence (Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha, Pseudococcidae)

“…The sequence comparison, after alignment (Fig 4 and 5), reveals the extent of divergence corresponding to interspecific variations in previous studies (Malausa et al 2011;Park et al 2011). At COI, the divergence was >7% between D. lavandulae and D. multivorus and >9% between D. lavandulae and the Trionymus species.…”

“…The third one, hereafter referred to as COI, is located in the mitochondrial region of Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I. For COI, we amplified three overlapping fragments previously used in several molecular studies on Pseudococcidae (Malausa et al, 2011;Park et al, 2011;Abd-Rabou et al, 2012), covering in total ~1050 bp. The sequences of the primers used to amplify each region are provided in Table 1. PCR were performed using the Qiagen Multiplex PCR kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany), in a reaction volume of 25 µL.…”

The taxonomy of the Japanese oak red scale insect, Kuwania quercus (Kuwana) (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Kuwaniidae), with a generic diagnosis, a key to species and description of a new species from California

“…minor (Maskell) (Rung et al, 2008) and <7.7% for species in the genus Ferrisia (Lin et al, 2013). These distances are comparable to the average of 10.1% among congeneric species in the families Pseudococcidae and Diaspididae (Park et al, 2011), and to approximately 12.3% for Ceroplastes species of family Coccidae (Deng et al 2012). The pairwise genetic divergence in 18S between the Californian sample and K. bipora is 4.7%, slightly greater than that (4.1%) between K. bipora and K. quercus.…”