Dizar: An Architecture of Distributed Public Key Infrastructure Based on Permissoned Blockchain

Abstract

Infrared small target detection poses unique challenges due to the scarcity of intrinsic target features and the abundance of similar background distractors. We argue that background semantics play a pivotal role in distinguishing visually similar objects for this task. To address this, we introduce a new task--clustered infrared small target detection, and present DenseSIRST, a novel benchmark dataset that provides per-pixel semantic annotations for background regions, enabling the transition from sparse to dense target detection. Leveraging this dataset, we propose the Background-Aware Feature Exchange Network (BAFE-Net), which transforms the detection paradigm from a single task focused on the foreground to a multi-task architecture that jointly performs target detection and background semantic segmentation. BAFE-Net introduces a cross-task feature hardexchange mechanism to embed target and background semantics between the two tasks. Furthermore, we propose the Background-Aware Gaussian Copy-Paste (BAG-CP) method, which selectively pastes small targets into sky regions during training, avoiding the creation of false alarm targets in complex non-sky backgrounds. Extensive experiments validate the effectiveness of BAG-CP and BAFE-Net in improving target detection accuracy while reducing false alarms. The DenseSIRST dataset, code, and trained models are available at https://github.com/GrokCV/BAFE-Net.

Blockchain in Finance: A Systematic Literature Review

“…As seen in Figure 12, among the permission types for the use of blockchain in finance, the "Permissioned" is seen in 18 studies [18][19][20][21][22][24][25][26]28,31,32,36,38,40,41,45,47,48], and the "Permissionless" in 13 studies [20,23,24,26,30,34,36,40,42,[45][46][47][48] in the papers. Some blockchain infrastructures provide either permissioned or permissionless functions, while others provide both.…”

“…Potential future applications of blockchain technology in finance is seen Figure 14. Among these, the "Loans" is mentioned 3 times [20,34,50], the "Smart cities" 3 times [19,41,51], the "Anti money laundering" 2 times [26,43], the "Crowdfunding" 2 times [20,40], the "Know your customer" 2 times [23,26], the "Stablecoin" 2 times [20,44], the "Token-based economy" 2 times [46,49] and the other future applications once in the papers.…”

“…As seen in Figure 15, expressions belonging to the group "Payment" in 16 papers [18,22,23,[26][27][28][29][30]34,37,41,43,46,47,50,51], the "Financial services and infrastructure" are mentioned in 14 papers [23,27,28,30,35,37,[44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51], the "Lending and loan services" in 9 papers [18,20,23,[25][26][27]30,38,45], the "Digital currencies and assets" in 8 papers [18,19,27,30,37,40,42,46], the "Compliance and risk management" in 6 papers [31]…”

“…As seen in Figure 16, among the smart contracts programming languages of blockchain in finance, the "Solidity" appears in 5 papers [18,19,34,35,45] and the other programming languages (C++, Go, Java, JavaScript, Kotlin, Python, Rust) once in the papers.…”

“…As seen in Figure 17, expressions belonging to the group "Regulatory and Compliance" in 12 papers [22,23,28,30,31,[37][38][39]41,46,48,49], the "Operational Challenges" in 11 papers [19][20][21][22]28,36,37,39,47,50,51], the "Technical Challenges" in 10 papers [18,20,23,25,29,36,38,40,47,48],the "Financial Risks" in 7 papers [22,23,26,27,32,40,43] and the "Security and Privacy" in 5 papers [19,23,25,26,38] are included.…”