Diving-Related Injuries in Children &amp;lt;20 Years Old Treated in Emergency Departments in the United States: 1990–2006

Day, Christopher M.; Stolz, Uwe; Mehan, Tracy J.; Smith, Gary A.; McKenzie, Lara B.

doi:10.1542/peds.2008-0024

Cited by 28 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 31 publications

(57 reference statements)

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“…Diving injuries were mostly strains and to the shoulder and trunk. This was similar to findings in junior elite Japanese divers,30 Junior Olympic divers,31 but dissimilar to emergency department data,32 although such data may exclude less severe injuries. In addition, although previous research33 34 has highlighted the cases of spondylolysis, lower back pain and concussions among divers, ISP data reported zero, four and three cases, respectively.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Epidemiology of National Collegiate Athletic Association men's and women's swimming and diving injuries from 2009/2010 to 2013/2014

et al. 2015

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Background/Aim Recent injury data for collegiate-level swimming and diving is limited. Previous data is limited to single seasons, elite and national team athletes, or emergency department data. This study describes the epidemiology of men’s and women’s swimming and diving injuries reported by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Injury Surveillance Program (ISP) during the 2009/10-2013/14 academic years. Methods Injuries and athlete-exposure (AE) data reported within nine men’s and 13 women’s swimming and diving programs were analyzed. Injury rates, injury rate ratios (IRR), and injury proportions by body site, diagnosis, and mechanism were reported with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results The ISP captured 149 and 208 injuries for men’s and women’s swimming and diving, respectively, leading to injury rates of 1.54/1000AEs and 1.71/1000AEs. Among females, divers had a higher injury rate (2.49/1000AEs) than swimmers (1.63/1000AEs; IRR=1.53; 95%CI: 1.07, 2.19). Injury rates for male divers (1.94/1000AEs) and swimmers (1.48/1000AEs) did not differ (IRR=1.33; 95%CI: 0.85, 2.31). Most injuries occurred to the shoulder and resulted in strains. Many injuries were classified as overuse or non-contact. Female swimmers had a higher overuse injury rate (1.04/1000AEs) than male swimmers (0.66/1000AEs; IRR=1.58; 95%CI: 1.14, 2.19). Overuse injury rates for female divers (0.54/1000AEs) and male divers (0.46/1000AEs) did not differ (IRR=1.16; 95%CI: 0.40, 3.34). Conclusions Shoulder, strain, and overuse injuries were common in collegiate men’s and women’s swimming and diving. In addition, divers may have higher injury rates than swimmers, although small reported numbers in this study warrant additional research.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Epidemiology of National Collegiate Athletic Association men's and women's swimming and diving injuries from 2009/2010 to 2013/2014

et al. 2015

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“…For example, bathtubs led to the second highest rate of pediatric genital injuries (5.7% of all genital injuries recorded from 1997-2010), and swimming and swimming pools ranked as the most common sports-related activity leading to pediatric genital injury, leading to 4.2% of all pediatric genital injuries. Prior studies have described diving 20 and bathtub injuries 21,22 but have not addressed related genital injury. Public health interventions should be promoted to reduce these injuries, such as incorporating slip-resistant pool decks and soft pool edges at public swimming pools and promoting a higher standard coefficient of friction for bathtubs to prevent slip and fall injuries.…”

Section: Commentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pediatric Genital Injury: An Analysis of the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System

Casey¹,

Bjurlin²,

Cheng³

2013

Urology

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Objective To describe the characteristics of pediatric genital injuries presenting to United States emergency departments (EDs). Methods A retrospective cohort study utilizing the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) from 1991-2010 to evaluate pediatric genital injuries was performed. Results Pediatric genital injuries represented 0.6% of all pediatric injuries with the incidence of injuries rising through the period studied, 1991-2010. The mean age at injury was 7.1 years old and was distributed 56.6% girls and 43.4% boys. A total of 43.3% had lacerations and 42.2% had contusions/abrasions. The majority of injuries occurred at home (65.9%), and the majority of patients (94.7%) were treated and released from the hospital. The most common consumer products associated with pediatric genital trauma were: bicycles (14.7% of all pediatric genital injuries), bathtubs (5.8%), daywear (5.6%), monkey bars (5.4%), and toilets (4.0%). Conclusion Although pediatric genital injuries represent a small proportion of overall injuries presenting to the ED, genital injuries continue to rise despite public health measures targeted to decrease childhood injury. Our results can be used to guide further prevention strategies for pediatric genital injury.

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“…For example, there is a very small risk of incidental adverse health effects from water chlorination and water‐borne contaminants found in public swimming pools . It is also possible to sustain injury while performing dives, usually outside public pools and diving into shallow water, though this tends to be quite rare, with reported injury rates of 8.4 per 100,000 U.S. residents each year . Indeed, as shown later, the authors of the report presented here found the mean number of injury incidents in 20 U.K. pools in the previous 12 months was 0.63 per 100,000 visitors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 56%

“…For example, it might seem as if a backward launch has more risk than a front takeoff because (not unreasonably) it is noted that aquatic obstructions cannot be seen at the start of the dive. Yet, flight injury accounts for 30% of cases recorded by Day et al ., and these typically involve impact with the board, which unlike the water can be better seen at elevation and during basic inward flights from backward facing launches. The advantage of the findings here is that they are a first step towards going beyond a‐priori intuitions of risk with the physically complex sport of diving.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In support of this possibility, Burdon prospectively followed 46 club divers for a period of six months and found no significant difference in self‐reported injuries by either squad level (ability) or training mode. In addition, Day et al . found that those presenting at emergency rooms with dive‐related injuries more often reported having performed simple forward facing headfirst dives leading up to this, rather than more complex launches and flight positions (e.g., backward/handstand launch and rotations).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Board Diving Regulations in Public Swimming Pools and Risk of Injury

Williams

Odin

2015

Risk Analysis

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Public session access to diving boards is one of the stepping stones for those wishing to develop their skills in the sport of diving. The extent to which certain dive forms are considered risky (forward/backward/rotations) and therefore not permitted is a matter for local pool managers. In study one, 20 public pools with diving facilities responded to a UK survey concerning their diving regulation policy and related injury incidence in the previous year. More restrictive regulation of dive forms was not associated with a decrease in injuries [rs(42)=-.20, p=0.93]. In study two, diving risk perception and attitudes towards regulation were compared between experienced club divers (N=22) and non-divers (N=22). Risk perception was lower for those with experience, and these people favoured less regulation.The findings are interpreted in terms of a risk thermostat model, where for complex physical performance activities such as diving, individuals may exercise caution in proportion to their ability and previous experience of success and failure related to the activity. Though intuitively appealing, restrictive regulation of public pool diving may be ineffective in practice because risk is not simplistically associated with dive forms, and divers are able to respond flexibly to risk by exercising caution where appropriate.

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Diving-Related Injuries in Children <20 Years Old Treated in Emergency Departments in the United States: 1990–2006

Cited by 28 publications

References 31 publications

Epidemiology of National Collegiate Athletic Association men's and women's swimming and diving injuries from 2009/2010 to 2013/2014

Epidemiology of National Collegiate Athletic Association men's and women's swimming and diving injuries from 2009/2010 to 2013/2014

Pediatric Genital Injury: An Analysis of the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System

Board Diving Regulations in Public Swimming Pools and Risk of Injury

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