Diving reflex after physical training.

Bové, Alfred A.; Lynch, Peter R.; Connell, Julie; Harding, J M

doi:10.1152/jappl.1968.25.1.70

Cited by 24 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…Firstly, in most of the previous studies, heart rate during face immersion was calculated from a shorter period of R-R intervals than in the present study. For example, it was the mean of all measurements occurring in each test (Heath and Downey 1990), the slowest ®ve R-R intervals (Bove et al 1968;Sturani et al 1985) or the lowest heart rate on at least two trials (Finley et al 1979). Although several studies have been made on the decrease in heart rate during face immersion with or without breath-holding (Table 1), most studies have used the value obtained from a shorter measurement time than in this study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Secondly, in the previous studies (Bove et al 1968;Heath and Downey 1990;Khurana et al 1980), heart rate was measured continuously from the control status to face immersion, whereas in this study the R-R interval was measured on 2 separate days and the interval between measurements was given.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bradycardia, induced by the diving re¯ex, has been used clinically to assess parasympathetic activity (Heath and Downey 1990;Khurana et al 1980;Sturani et al 1985), to discuss the relationship to physical training (Bove et al 1968), and for studies in respect of swimming and asthma (Bar-Or and Inbar 1992;Sturani et al 1985).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Face immersion increases vagal activity as assessed by heart rate variability

Hayashi

Ishihara

Tanaka

et al. 1997

European Journal of Applied Physiology

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We examined whether the diving reflex without breath-holding (face immersion alone) increases vagal activity, as determined by heart rate variability. A group of 15 men [mean age 20 (SD 3) years, height 172 (SD 5) cm, body mass 68 (SD 9) kg] performed 12 trials at various breathing frequencies (5, 10, 15, 20, 30 breaths x min(-1) and uncontrolled breath) with or without face immersion. The R-R intervals of the ECG and gas exchange variables were recorded during the 2 min of each trial. The subjects immersed their faces in 8 10 degrees C water while breathing through a short snorkel. The subject sat in the same position either with or without face immersion. The mean R-R interval (RRmean), standard deviations (SD[RR]) and coefficient of variance (CV[RR]) of the R-R interval were calculated from the R-R intervals during 30-120 s. The face immersion significantly increased SD(RR) and CV(RR) (P < 0.05), and increased RRmean (P < 0.05) at 20 breaths x min(-1). Face immersion itself had no effect on oxygen uptake, tidal volume, end-tidal O2 and CO2 partial pressures. The diving reflex without breath-holding increased the heart rate variability, indicating that face immersion alone increases vagal activity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Face immersion increases vagal activity as assessed by heart rate variability

Hayashi

Ishihara

Tanaka

et al. 1997

European Journal of Applied Physiology

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“…One common feature of these studies is apnea during cold water facial immersion trials. In studies where the subjects were breathing during facial immersion, either a smaller decrease in HR (8,20,32) or no significant change has been observed (6,18). Transition from head-out immersion to total submersion also resulted in no significant HR change (33).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of head and body cooling on hemodynamics during immersed prone exercise at 1 ATA

Wester¹,

Cherry²,

Pollock³

et al. 2009

Journal of Applied Physiology

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Immersion pulmonary edema (IPE) is a condition with sudden onset in divers and swimmers suspected to be due to pulmonary arterial or venous hypertension induced by exercise in cold water, although it does occur even with adequate thermal protection. We tested the hypothesis that cold head immersion could facilitate IPE via a reflex rise in pulmonary vascular pressure due solely to cooling of the head. Ten volunteers were instrumented with ECG and radial and pulmonary artery catheters and studied at 1 atm absolute (ATA) during dry and immersed rest and exercise in thermoneutral (29 -31°C) and cold (18 -20°C) water. A head tent varied the temperature of the water surrounding the head independently of the trunk and limbs. Heart rate, Fick cardiac output (CO), mean arterial pressure (MAP), mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP), pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP), and central venous pressure (CVP) were measured. MPAP, PAWP, and CO were significantly higher in cold pool water (P Յ 0.004). Resting MPAP and PAWP values (means Ϯ SD) were 20 Ϯ 2.9/13 Ϯ 3.9 (cold body/cold head), 21 Ϯ 3.1/14 Ϯ 5.2 (cold/warm), 14 Ϯ 1.5/10 Ϯ 2.2 (warm/warm), and 15 Ϯ 1.6/10 Ϯ 2.6 mmHg (warm/cold). Exercise values were higher; cold body immersion augmented the rise in MPAP during exercise. MAP increased during immersion, especially in cold water (P Ͻ 0.0001). Except for a transient additive effect on MAP and MPAP during rapid head cooling, cold water on the head had no effect on vascular pressures. The results support a hemodynamic cause for IPE mediated in part by cooling of the trunk and extremities. This does not support the use of increased head insulation to prevent IPE. diving; immersion; pulmonary edema; pulmonary circulation IMMERSION PULMONARY EDEMA (IPE) occurs sporadically in healthy divers and swimmers and is characterized by cough, shortness of breath, decreased blood oxygen levels (17,24,29,35,39), and sometimes death (13). Symptoms may manifest early in dives, with reports of dyspnea as early as 7 min after reaching depth (13). Other cases have been reported after prolonged periods of exercise and immersion (1,29,30,34). The cause for this phenomenon is unknown. Risk factors seem to include heavy exertion and cold water (24), although IPE has been reported in water close to thermoneutral temperatures without exertion (17,24). Studies of individuals who have recovered from IPE have not identified chronic pulmonary function abnormalities or pulmonary hypertension (28). Ventricular function (24) and resting pulmonary artery systolic pressures (28) are generally normal.

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“…It would be impossible to say that wetness plays no role, but it seems to play only a contributing role and is not the major factor. To try to quantitate all of these responses in any given individual and relate them to "fitness-of an individual, as has been suggested [1], would seem to be asking too much of our present means of measuring all these phenomena.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Digital Rheoplethysmographic Study of the Vasomotor Response to ‘Simulated Diving’ in Man

Burch¹,

Giles²

1970

Cardiology

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The digital rheoplethysmogram was recorded from 10 normal human subjects during the act of ‘simulated diving’, i.e. submersion of the face in a pan full of water. Digital vascular responses to various maneuvers and stimuli associated with simulated diving were also studied. In general, digital vasoconstriction was seen after most maneuvers and stimuli associated with the diving phenomenon (other than placing the face in water itself). The response of the pulse rate was variable, although a decrease was usually seen as much during ‘simulated diving’ without water in the pan as with water. Decreasing the temperature of the water exaggerated the responses to most stimuli. Digital vasoconstriction was produced by audio stimulation (bell) and deep inspiration, whereas a variable effect on pulse rate was produced. The role of psychic factors and ‘orienting reflexes’ in the production of the cardiovascular response to diving are discussed. It is concluded that respiratory, thermal and psychic factors all play a role in the physiologic response to ‘simulated diving’ and that wetness is only a contributing factor.

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Diving reflex after physical training.

Cited by 24 publications

References 0 publications

Face immersion increases vagal activity as assessed by heart rate variability

Face immersion increases vagal activity as assessed by heart rate variability

Effects of head and body cooling on hemodynamics during immersed prone exercise at 1 ATA

A Digital Rheoplethysmographic Study of the Vasomotor Response to ‘Simulated Diving’ in Man

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