“…In pre-Enlightenment Europe, witch trials were conducted to persecute various groups and individuals considered outsiders to the religious ingroup, including alleged heretics, side-switchers, and witches. For example, referring to the Middle Ages,Buc (2023, p. 129) observes that "[w]ar in a Christian universe entailed what may seem like a paranoid attention to side-switchers" (see also, in a similar vein,Kaplan, 2007).9 Broadly, scholarship on the (new) economics of religion explores how various aspects of religion inform cultural, economic, and institutional developments. For a necessarily incomplete list, we refer toIannaccone (1998),Barro and McCleary (2003),Guiso et al (2003),McCleary and Barro (2006),Young (2009),Durlauf et al (2012),Woodberry (2012),Belloc et al (2016), …”