Diversity of susceptible hosts in canine distemper virus infection: a systematic review and data synthesis

Abstract

BackgroundCanine distemper virus (CDV) is the etiological agent of one of the most infectious diseases of domestic dogs, also known as a highly prevalent viral infectious disease of carnivores and posing a conservation threat to endangered species around the world. To get a better panorama of CDV infection in different Orders, a retrospective and documental systematic review of the role of CDV in different non-dog hosts was conducted. The bibliographical data were collected from MedLine/PubMed and Scopus databases. Data related to Order, Family, Genus and Species of the infected animals, the presence or absence of clinical signs, mortality, serological, molecular or antigenic confirmation of CDV infection, geographic location, were collected and summarized.ResultsTwo hundred seventeen scientific articles were considered eligible which includes reports of serological evaluation, and antigenic or genomic confirmation of CDV infection in non-dog hosts. CDV infects naturally and experimentally different members of the Orders Carnivora (in 12 Families), Rodentia (four Families), Primates (two Families), Artiodactyla (three Families) and Proboscidea (one Family). The Order Carnivora (excluding domestic dogs) accounts for the vast majority (87.5 %) of the records. Clinical disease associated with CDV infection was reported in 51.8 % of the records and serological evidence of CDV infection in apparently healthy animals was found in 49.5 % of the records. High mortality rate was showed in some of the recorded infections in Orders different to Carnivora. In non-dog hosts, CDV has been reported all continents with the exception of Australasia and in 43 different countries.ConclusionsThe results of this systematic review demonstrate that CDV is able to infect a very wide range of host species from many different Orders and emphasizes the potential threat of infection for endangered wild species as well as raising concerns about potential zoonotic threats following the cessation of large-scale measles vaccination campaigns in the human population.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-016-0702-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Morbillivirus Experimental Animal Models: Measles Virus Pathogenesis Insights from Canine Distemper Virus

“…A surrogate model based on the study of the Canine distemper virus (CDV)—a closely related morbillivirus that infects a broad range of carnivores including ferrets or dogs—represents an attractive alternative. CDV causes a similar overall pathogenesis in its different hosts, but the disease severity varies from moderate in dogs, to completely lethal in highly susceptible species, such as ferrets and many wild carnivores [4,5]. The clinical signs include fever, often a characteristic rash, diarrhea, nasal discharge, conjunctivitis, and generalized immunosuppression, thereby reproducing the disease spectrum seen in MeV patients (Figure 1).…”

Identification of Linear B-Cell Epitopes on Hemagglutinin Protein of Canine Distemper Virus Using Two Monoclonal Antibodies

“…Since the first isolation of CDV by Carré in 1905, CDV still remains a challenge to veterinarians and pet owners (9). Hemagglutinin protein is the suitable target to study genetic divergence and molecular epidemiology due to high mutation of the H gene (10,11).…”

Advances in canine distemper virus pathogenesis research: a wildlife perspective

“…However, there are not always suitable conjugated antispecies antibodies for wildlife species available for use with IFAT or ELISA. A systematic literature review of all possible non-dog hosts of CDV showed that ELISA was used 13.8 % of the time as serological test, followed by IFAT (7.7 %) [29]. The highly specific and sensitive serum-neutralization test is more commonly used (75.4 %) for the detection of CDV from serum samples and can be seen as the gold standard for detecting antibodies [29,59,115,116].…”

“…Sequence analyses indicate that the H-protein undergoes genetic drift related to geographical regions, clustering into America 1 (including almost all commercially available vaccine strains), America 2, Asia 1 and 2, Europe/ South America 1, Europe wildlife, South America 2 and 3, Arctic, Rockborn-like, Africa and Africa 2 [28][29][30]. Genotypes are defined on the basis of strains falling within the same clade sharing >95 % amino acid similarity in their Hprotein [31].…”

“…A systematic literature review of all possible non-dog hosts of CDV showed that ELISA was used 13.8 % of the time as serological test, followed by IFAT (7.7 %) [29]. The highly specific and sensitive serum-neutralization test is more commonly used (75.4 %) for the detection of CDV from serum samples and can be seen as the gold standard for detecting antibodies [29,59,115,116]. Serology as a diagnostic test is, however, not reliable in distinguishing between naturally acquired CDV infection (wild-type CDV strain), infection with attenuated virus vaccine strain [as used in the modified live vaccine (MLV)] or immune response to recombinant, virus-vectored vaccine and should thus if possible be combined with other techniques, such as RT-PCR and viral antigen ELISA [104,[117][118][119].…”