Diversity of species and antimicrobial resistance determinants of staphylococci in superficial waters in Spain

Abstract

The objectives were to determine the presence and diversity of staphylococcal species in surface waters in La Rioja region (Spain), and to characterize recovered isolates. Staphylococci were detected in 42 of 47 evaluable samples, and 72 isolates were obtained, of which 13 were coagulase-positive (CoPS) and 59 were coagulase-negative (CoNS). Twelve CoPS were identified as S. aureus and typed as follows (number of strains): t002/t502/ST5 (four), t10668/ST425 (one), t10712//ST1643 (one), t843/ST130 (one), t10855/ST2461 (one), t3369/ST2657 (one), t1166/ST133 (one), t8083/ST2049 (one) and t045/ST2460 (one); and one as S. pseudintermedius ST147. Virulence genes tst, cna and lukS/F-I were detected, and one strain showed the immune evasion cluster type F. Regarding CoNS, 12 different species were recovered (number of strains): S. epidermidis (11), S. vitulinus (10), S. sciuri (nine), S. fleurettii (seven), S. lentus (six), S. simulans (five), S. xylosus (four), S. chromogenes (two), S. hominis (two), and S. equorum, S. succinus and S. warneri (one each). Fourteen CoNS isolates presented a multidrug resistance phenotype, with the following resistance genes: blaZ, mecA, fusB, fusC, erm(C), mph(C), erm(A), msr(A)/(B), mph(C), ant(4')-Ia, tet(K), tet(L), cat and str The high diversity of staphylococcal species, as well as multiple resistance and virulence genes, highlights the importance of surface waters as a temporary reservoir and source of transmission.

Molecular Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus Lineages in Wild Animals in Europe: A Review

“…Regarding the studies of European wildlife, CC5 MRSA and MSSA was found in animals mostly from Spain (storks, rodents and wild boars). Moreover, MSSA belonging to CC5 was the predominant S. aureus lineage found in surface waters which may indicate that this clonal lineage is widely disseminated in the natural environment of this country [103]. CC8 MRSA was found in a marten from Poland and in wild boars from Germany.…”

“…Surface waters are the main recipient of treated and untreated wastewaters favoring the dissemination of resistance genes in microbial communities via water, land or even through wildlife [102]. Nonetheless, only a few studies have been carried out in Europe in order to determine the presence of S. aureus, its antimicrobial resistance profiles, and its genetic lineages in surface waters [56,[103][104][105]. These studies have found S. aureus, among other staphylococci, with low rates of antibiotic resistance, and mecA and mecC-carrying MRSA strains belonging to a wide diversity of clonal complexes: CC5, CC7, CC8, CC12, CC22, CC30, CC45, CC59, CC101, CC130, CC133, CC398, CC425, and CC707.…”

Bacteriological Contamination of Water in Selected Bathing Areas in Małopolska

“…The Regulation of the Minister of Health (2015) on the quality of water in swimming pools provides testing it for the presence of E. coli, staphylococci, Legionella sp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, as well as determining the total number of bacteria -there is no such requirements for bathings, although pathogens posing the greatest risk in bathing waters are staphylococci. This has been proven already in the last century (Seyfried et al 1985) and this is also confirmed by contemporary research (Gómez et al 2017) on the spread of drug-resistant staphylococci in water. This study confirmed the numerous occurrences of staphylococci in all bathing areas (Fig.…”

“…There is also no obligation to test bathing waters for the presence of coagulase-positive staphylococci, although in studies conducted already in the 1980s of the last century, it has been found that they are the most common cause of illness among swimmers (Seyfried et al 1985). Recent data analysis also highlights the importance of surface waters as a temporary reservoirs and a source of staphylococci -including antibiotic resistant strains (Gómez et al 2017). Therefore, the lack of such studies may increase the risk of infecting tourists using this form of recreation.…”

Bacterial Biodiversity of Extra Virgin Olive Oils and Their Potential Biotechnological Exploitation

“…to be relatively susceptible to clindamycin [71]. The genetic determinants underlying the resistance of coagulase-negative staphylococci to clindamycin, erythromycin, and tetracycline were attributed to the presence of erm(C), mph(C), erm(A), tet(L), and tet(K) genes [72]. A multidrug resistance phenotype was observed in an isolate of S. hominis (resistance to six out of the eight antibiotics tested was observed).…”