Diversity of Plastid Types and Their Interconversions

Choi, Heebak; Yi, Taegyu; Ha, Sun-Hwa

doi:10.3389/fpls.2021.692024

Cited by 43 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 168 publications

(196 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…To investigate the effects of the alteration of StbHLH93 on the proplastid‐to‐amyloplast transition, stolon subapical regions from StbHLH93 ‐KD, StbHLH93 ‐OX, and WT plants were collected 7 d after the switch to SD conditions, and TEM was used to observe plastid development in the cortical regions (Lopez‐Juez ＆ Pyke, 2005; Denyer & Pike, 2008; Choi et al ., 2021). In WT plants, an average of 2–5 amyloplasts with starch granules were visible in one cell section (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The tuber‐specific StbHLH93 gene regulates proplastid‐to‐amyloplast development during stolon swelling in potato

Yang,

Sun,

Zhu

et al. 2023

New Phytologist

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Summary In potato, stolon swelling is a complex and highly regulated process, and much more work is needed to fully understand the underlying mechanisms. We identified a novel tuber‐specific basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) transcription factor, StbHLH93, based on the high‐resolution transcriptome of potato tuber development. StbHLH93 is predominantly expressed in the subapical and perimedullary region of the stolon and developing tubers. Knockdown of StbHLH93 significantly decreased tuber number and size, resulting from suppression of stolon swelling. Furthermore, we found that StbHLH93 directly binds to the plastid protein import system gene TIC56 promoter, activates its expression, and is involved in proplastid‐to‐amyloplast development during the stolon‐to‐tuber transition. Knockdown of the target TIC56 gene resulted in similarly problematic amyloplast biogenesis and tuberization. Taken together, StbHLH93 functions in the differentiation of proplastids to regulate stolon swelling. This study highlights the critical role of proplastid‐to‐amyloplast interconversion during potato tuberization.

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The tuber‐specific StbHLH93 gene regulates proplastid‐to‐amyloplast development during stolon swelling in potato

Yang,

Sun,

Zhu

et al. 2023

New Phytologist

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Chlamydomonas possesses only a single chloroplast per cell compared to the 50-100 chloroplasts typically found in a plant mesophyll cell. Furthermore, plants contain different plastid types depending on the tissue, and the plastids are able to undergo differentiation into different types (Choi et al, 2021). In contrast, the algal chloroplast does not undergo differentiation, and indeed is able to form a fully functional chloroplast when grown in complete darkness, unlike angiosperms (Reinbothe et al, 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Algal Chloroplast as a Testbed for Synthetic Biology Designs Aimed at Radically Rewiring Plant Metabolism

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Sustainable and economically viable support for an ever-increasing global population requires a paradigm shift in agricultural productivity, including the application of biotechnology to generate future crop plants. Current genetic engineering approaches aimed at enhancing the photosynthetic efficiency or composition of the harvested tissues involve relatively simple manipulations of endogenous metabolism. However, radical rewiring of central metabolism using new-to-nature pathways, so-called “synthetic metabolism”, may be needed to really bring about significant step changes. In many cases, this will require re-programming the metabolism of the chloroplast, or other plastids in non-green tissues, through a combination of chloroplast and nuclear engineering. However, current technologies for sophisticated chloroplast engineering (“transplastomics”) of plants are limited to just a handful of species. Moreover, the testing of metabolic rewiring in the chloroplast of plant models is often impractical given their obligate phototrophy, the extended time needed to create stable non-chimeric transplastomic lines, and the technical challenges associated with regeneration of whole plants. In contrast, the unicellular green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a facultative heterotroph that allows for extensive modification of chloroplast function, including non-photosynthetic designs. Moreover, chloroplast engineering in C. reinhardtii is facile, with the ability to generate novel lines in a matter of weeks, and a well-defined molecular toolbox allows for rapid iterations of the “Design-Build-Test-Learn” (DBTL) cycle of modern synthetic biology approaches. The recent development of combinatorial DNA assembly pipelines for designing and building transgene clusters, simple methods for marker-free delivery of these clusters into the chloroplast genome, and the pre-existing wealth of knowledge regarding chloroplast gene expression and regulation in C. reinhardtii further adds to the versatility of transplastomics using this organism. Herein, we review the inherent advantages of the algal chloroplast as a simple and tractable testbed for metabolic engineering designs, which could then be implemented in higher plants.

show abstract

“…However, over time, evolutionary processes acting on the host and symbiont genomes, including the progressing symbiont genome reduction and their increasing dependence on host genome-encoded mechanisms, as well as other changes to the host biology and ecology, could change the nature of interaction and the organization of cells and tissues where the symbiont is localized. The structural diversity of mitochondria and chloroplasts across eukaryotic clades and tissues could serve as an example (Roger et al, 2017;Choi et al, 2021). Conversely, localization may determine symbiont biology and evolution, including long-term prospects of a newly established infection.…”

Section: Idiosyncracy In Newly Forming Symbiosesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variable organization of symbiont-containing tissue across planthoppers hosting different heritable endosymbionts

et al. 2023

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Sap-feeding hemipteran insects live in associations with diverse heritable symbiotic microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) that provide essential nutrients deficient in their hosts’ diets. These symbionts typically reside in highly specialized organs called bacteriomes (with bacterial symbionts) or mycetomes (with fungal symbionts). The organization of these organs varies between insect clades that are ancestrally associated with different microbes. As these symbioses evolve and additional microorganisms complement or replace the ancient associates, the organization of the symbiont-containing tissue becomes even more variable. Planthoppers (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha) are ancestrally associated with bacterial symbionts Sulcia and Vidania, but in many of the planthopper lineages, these symbionts are now accompanied or have been replaced by other heritable bacteria (e.g., Sodalis, Arsenophonus, Purcelliella) or fungi. We know the identity of many of these microbes, but the symbiont distribution within the host tissues and the bacteriome organization have not been systematically studied using modern microscopy techniques. Here, we combine light, fluorescence, and transmission electron microscopy with phylogenomic data to compare symbiont tissue distributions and the bacteriome organization across planthoppers representing 15 families. We identify and describe seven primary types of symbiont localization and seven types of the organization of the bacteriome. We show that Sulcia and Vidania, when present, usually occupy distinct bacteriomes distributed within the body cavity. The more recently acquired gammaproteobacterial and fungal symbionts generally occupy separate groups of cells organized into distinct bacteriomes or mycetomes, distinct from those with Sulcia and Vidania. They can also be localized in the cytoplasm of fat body cells. Alphaproteobacterial symbionts colonize a wider range of host body habitats: Asaia-like symbionts often colonize the host gut lumen, whereas Wolbachia and Rickettsia are usually scattered across insect tissues and cell types, including cells containing other symbionts, bacteriome sheath, fat body cells, gut epithelium, as well as hemolymph. However, there are exceptions, including Gammaproteobacteria that share bacteriome with Vidania, or Alphaproteobacteria that colonize Sulcia cells. We discuss how planthopper symbiont localization correlates with their acquisition and replacement patterns and the symbionts’ likely functions. We also discuss the evolutionary consequences, constraints, and significance of these findings.

show abstract

Diversity of Plastid Types and Their Interconversions

Cited by 43 publications

References 168 publications

The tuber‐specific StbHLH93 gene regulates proplastid‐to‐amyloplast development during stolon swelling in potato

The tuber‐specific StbHLH93 gene regulates proplastid‐to‐amyloplast development during stolon swelling in potato

The Algal Chloroplast as a Testbed for Synthetic Biology Designs Aimed at Radically Rewiring Plant Metabolism

Variable organization of symbiont-containing tissue across planthoppers hosting different heritable endosymbionts

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About