Diversity of Halimeda (Chlorophyta) from the Thai–Malay Peninsula

Abstract

The Thai-Malay Peninsula separates the Andaman Sea from the Gulf of Thailand. This barrier is known to affect species distribution and genetic diversity of marine organisms. Biodiversity studies need a correct species taxonomy to interpret their biogeography; this is especially relevant in marine algae where morphological characters are few or cryptic. We address species distributions of the important macroalgal genus Halimeda. The combination of morphological data and chloroplast tufA gene sequences were used to identify species, and to reveal the variation among Halimeda species around the Thai-Malay Peninsula. The morpho-anatomical and molecular analysis showed eight species of Halimeda in Thai and Malaysian waters: Halimeda borneensis, H. discoidea, H. gigas, H. macroloba, H. micronesica, H. minima, H. opuntia, H. renschii, and two undescribed species. Three species, H. minima, H. renschii and H. micronesica, were reported for the first time from the area. Species variation was much greater in the Andaman Sea than in the Gulf of Thailand. Our results show great variation in species composition and genetic variation between the two sides of the peninsula, which could be due to differences in sea-surface currents and environmental differences between the two sides of this important marine barrier.

Phenotypic plasticity and morphological adaptation of Halimeda opuntia (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta) to light intensity

“…(, , ) and Pongparadon et al . () with some modifications. To decalcify the algal tissue for anatomical observations, segments were incubated in 5– 10 % w/w concentrated HCl at room temperature.…”

“…; Pongparadon et al . ). Halimeda section Opuntia is also known to be morphologically plastic (Verbruggen et al .…”

“…H. opuntia is distributed in various habitats, e.g., sandy beaches, reef flats and subtidal reef areas, while molecular data indicate that morphological plasticity occurs within species (Pongparadon et al . ). We hypothesize that this wide distribution and high abundance of H. opuntia populations may be related to their potential for morphological plasticity among populations.…”

“…; Pongparadon et al . ), and this section includes Halimeda opuntia, Halimeda distorta and Halimeda hederacea . Pongparadon et al .…”

“…Pongparadon et al . () reported that H. opuntia populations in Thai waters were genetically identical but showed morphological variations among populations as their segment shapes differed between shallow and deep water. In addition, Littler and Littler () and Kooistra and Verbruggen () reported that H. opuntia had compact reniform segments in wave‐exposed areas and tripartite segments in sheltered lagoons.…”