Diversity ofFrancisella tularensisSubsp.holarcticaLineages, China

Abstract

We analyzed 10 isolates of Francisella tularensis subspecies holarctica from China and assigned them to known clades by using canonical single-nucleotide polymorphisms. We found 4 diverse subtypes, including 3 from the most basal lineage, biovar japonica. This result indicates unprecedented levels of diversity from a single region and suggests new models for emergence.

Phylogeography and Genetic Diversity of Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica in France (1947–2018)

“…In Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, Norway and Finland, both of these major clades have been detected (Karlsson et al, 2013;Müller et al, 2013;Origgi et al, 2014;Afset et al, 2015;Sissonen et al, 2015;Wittwer et al, 2018). Clade B.16 correlates with biovar japonica, isolated in Japan and recently in Turkey (Ulu-Kilic et al, 2013), China (Wang et al, 2014), and Australia (Eden et al, 2017).…”

Water as Source ofFrancisella tularensisInfection in Humans, Turkey

“…holarctica . A) Global distribution of known phylogenetic groups determined on the basis of previous studies ( 2 – 4 ); enlarged map of Turkey shows locations of phylogenetic groups identified among the 40 samples positive for F. tularensis examined in this and previous studies ( 5 ). Circle size indicates number of samples (small circles, 1–3; medium circles, 4–6; large circles, 7–9).…”

“…Countries of origin for samples assigned to relevant phylogenetic groups are as follows: AUT, Austria; CE, central Europe, unknown country; CHN, China; CZE, Czech Republic; DEU, Germany; FIN, Finland; GEO, Georgia; HUN, Hungary; ITA, Italy; NOR Norway; ROU, Romania; RUS, Russia; SWE, Sweden; TUR, Turkey; UKR, Ukraine; USA, United States. CHN* indicates approximate phylogenetic placement because of a lack of resolved information on single-nucleotide polymorphisms ( 4 ). TUR** indicates identification from a previous study ( 5 ).…”

DiverseFrancisella tularensisStrains and Oropharyngeal Tularemia, Turkey

“…These findings, together with the recent discovery that organisms of multiple F. tularensis subsp. holarctica phylogenetic groups exist in China ( 10 ), suggest that much additional phylogenetic diversity within this subspecies remains to be discovered in Eurasia, which will provide better information about the evolutionary history and historical spread of F. tularensis subsp. holarctica .…”