Abstract:The genus Anopheles encompasses several species considered as vectors of human infecting Plasmodium. Environmental changes are responsible for behavior changes in these vectors and therefore the pattern of malaria transmission. To better understand the dynamics of malaria transmission, this study aimed at identify the species of adult anophelines found in a malaria endemic urban area of the Amazon region, Mâncio Lima, located in the Acre State Brazil. Using Shannon-type light traps installed at 11 collection p… Show more
“…albitarsis s.l. is also frequently found in natural and man-made larval habitats widely distributed across the town, especially in fish-farming ponds [19, 20]. Fig.…”
The relative contribution of imported vs. locally acquired infections to urban malaria burden remains largely unexplored in Latin America, the most urbanised region in the developing world. Here we use a simple molecular epidemiology framework to examine the transmission dynamics of Plasmodium vivax in Mâncio Lima, the Amazonian municipality with the highest malaria incidence rate in Brazil. We prospectively genotyped 177 P. vivax infections diagnosed in urban residents between June 2014 and July 2015 and showed that local parasites are structured into several lineages of closely related microsatellite haplotypes, with the largest genetic cluster comprising 32% of all infections. These findings are very unlikely under the hypothesis of multiple independent imports of parasite strains from the rural surroundings. Instead, the presence of an endemic near-clonal parasite lineage circulating over 13 consecutive months is consistent with a local P. vivax transmission chain in the town, with major implications for malaria elimination efforts in this and similar urban environments across the Amazon.
“…albitarsis s.l. is also frequently found in natural and man-made larval habitats widely distributed across the town, especially in fish-farming ponds [19, 20]. Fig.…”
The relative contribution of imported vs. locally acquired infections to urban malaria burden remains largely unexplored in Latin America, the most urbanised region in the developing world. Here we use a simple molecular epidemiology framework to examine the transmission dynamics of Plasmodium vivax in Mâncio Lima, the Amazonian municipality with the highest malaria incidence rate in Brazil. We prospectively genotyped 177 P. vivax infections diagnosed in urban residents between June 2014 and July 2015 and showed that local parasites are structured into several lineages of closely related microsatellite haplotypes, with the largest genetic cluster comprising 32% of all infections. These findings are very unlikely under the hypothesis of multiple independent imports of parasite strains from the rural surroundings. Instead, the presence of an endemic near-clonal parasite lineage circulating over 13 consecutive months is consistent with a local P. vivax transmission chain in the town, with major implications for malaria elimination efforts in this and similar urban environments across the Amazon.
“…A great variety of potential vectors have been recorded in the deforested areas of the Amazon [ 30 – 32 ], but the frequent occurrence of morphologically indistinguishable sibling species, which form species complexes [ 33 ], means that vectors are often misidentified or cryptic species boundaries go undetected [ 34 – 36 ]. Some vectors, such as Nyssorhynchus triannulatus and Anopheles peryassui , inhabit the forest edge, away from domestic environments and conventional vector control activities, but may be associated with human activity such as deforestation [ 37 ].…”
BackgroundDeforestation in the Amazon and the social vulnerability of its settler communities has been associated with increased malaria incidence. The feeding biology of the most important malaria vectors in the region, notably Nyssorhynchus darlingi, compounds efforts to control vectors and reduce transmission of what has become known as “Frontier Malaria”. Exploring Anophelinae mosquito diversity is fundamental to understanding the species responsible for transmission and developing appropriate management and intervention strategies for malaria control in the Amazon River basin.MethodsThis study describes Anophelinae mosquito diversity from settler communities affected by Frontier Malaria in the states of Acre, Amazonas and Rondônia by analysing COI gene data using cluster and tree-based species delimitation approaches.ResultsIn total, 270 specimens from collection sites were sequenced and these were combined with 151 reference (GenBank) sequences in the analysis to assist in species identification. Conservative estimates found that the number of species collected at these sites was between 23 (mPTP partition) and 27 (strict ABGD partition) species, up to 13 of which appeared to be new. Nyssorhynchus triannulatus and Nyssorhynchus braziliensis displayed exceptional levels of intraspecific genetic diversity but there was little to no support for putative species complex status.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that Anophelinae mosquito diversity continues to be underestimated in poorly sampled areas where frontier malaria is a major public health concern. The findings will help shape future studies of vector incrimination and transmission dynamics in these areas and support efforts to develop more effective vector control and transmission reduction strategies in settler communities in the Amazon River basin.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-018-2483-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
“…)darlingi is considered one of the most effective primary vectors due to its high anthropophilic behavior, high abundance in certain areas, susceptibility to infection by several Plasmodium species and plastic behavior [21]. This species can also adapt to diverse habitats, including habitats developed because of human activities [44,24]. Our study showed that both mosquito species (An.…”
Section: Biting Activitymentioning
confidence: 63%
“…In addition, this species is susceptible to infection by several Plasmodium species and displays exo/endophagic depending on host availability and environmental characteristics [21]. It can adapt to several types of habitat, including anthropic activity-related hatcheries [22][23][24]. Social, environmental, economic, demographic and climatic changes can signi cantly in uence the distribution of anophelines in endemic areas [25][26][27].…”
BackgroundMore than 85% of the malaria cases in Panama occur in characteristically poor, rural and indigenous regions like Darien Province. Vector diversity, vector infection rate and spatial distribution are important entomological parameters of malaria transmission dynamics. Their understanding is crucial for the development of effective disease control strategies. The objective of this study was to determine the composition of Anopheles species, their natural infection rate and their geographic distribution to better understand the malaria transmission dynamics in Darién, Panama.MethodsAnopheline mosquitoes were captured during the rainy and dry season of 2016. We selected five communities where adult anophelines were collected using CDC light-traps, and through protective human-baited traps. Detection of natural infection and Plasmodium genotype in collected mosquitoes were detected via nested PCR through the amplification of Plasmodium 18s rRNA and the circumsporozoite protein gene, respectively.ResultsA total of 1,063 mosquitoes were collected, and nine Anopheline species were identified, with the predominant species being: An. (Nys.) darlingi (45.0%) and An. (Nys.) albimanus (42.6%). Among these mosquitoes, An. (Nys.) albimanus has historically presented an elevated frequency and abundance in all Panamanian regions. Natural infection with P. vivax was detected in a mosquito pool from the community Pueblo Tortuga (0.6%), three mosquito pools from Marraganti (1.7%), two pools from Bajo Chiquito (1.1%) and three pools from Alto Playona (1.7%). For An. (Nys.) darlingi mosquitoes, we detected seven positive pools from the community Bajo Chiquito (4.0%), two pools from Marraganti (1.1%) and two pools from Alto Playona (1.1%). This study was able to detect the P. vivax allelic variant VK210 in infected mosquitoes.ConclusionThe results from this study provide new information on the transmission dynamics associated with anopheline vectors in the Darién region. This is the first report of natural P. vivax infection in An. (Nys.) darlingi and its incrimination as a potential malaria vector in Panama. Additional studies are necessary to expand our knowledge and determine crucial parameters in malaria transmission in Darién, which in turn will aid the National Malaria Program in attaining an adequate malaria control strategy towards malaria elimination.
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