Diversity in Neurosurgery: Trends in Gender and Racial/Ethnic Representation Among Applicants and Residents from U.S. Neurological Surgery Residency Programs

Gabriel, Phabinly; Alexander, Jalen; Kārkliņa, Anastasia

doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2021.02.127

Cited by 38 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5 Unfortunately, this recruitment has not translated to an increase in racial diversity throughout subspecialty surgical programs such as orthopedic surgery, neurosurgery, otorhinolaryngology, and plastic surgery. [6][7][8][9][10] Specifically, the field of plastic surgery has many healthcare disparities that could benefit from an influx of Black, LatinX, and Indigenous surgeons. Access to complete breast reconstruction remains disproportionately low for minority and low-income patients with breast cancer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Plastic Surgery Diversity through the Decade: Where We Stand and How We Can Improve

Hernández

Kloer

Fimbres

et al. 2022

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open

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Background: Several studies over the past decade have investigated diversity within the field of plastic surgery, yet it remains unclear if an increase has resulted. This study sought to review the status of diversity within plastic surgery over the last decade and form strategies for residency programs to increase diversity recruitment. Methods: Data analysis of racial demographics from the Association of American Medical Colleges databases was completed for all medical students, integrated plastic surgery residency applicants, integrated plastic surgery residents, and academic faculty from 2010 to 2020. Proportional averages were analyzed comparing 5 year durations with heteroscedastic t-tests. Interviews were then conducted with medical school diversity and inclusion officers across the country and subsequent thematic analysis was completed. Finally, diversity recruitment recommendations were synthesized from interview data. Results: There was no significant change in demographics of integrated plastic surgery applicants between 2010–2014 and 2015–2020. The only significant finding among integrated plastic surgery residents yielded a reduction in the “Hispanic/ Latino” group (4% -3%, P = 0.01). Faculty data showed an increase in “Hispanic/ Latino” (4% -5%, P < 0.01) and “other” (4% -5%, P = 0.02) groups with a reduction in “White” faculty members (74% -70%, P < 0.01). Final recommendations for diversity recruitment were then formed from diversity and inclusion officer interviews. Conclusions: Continuous and sustainable work with respect to diversity and inclusion within plastic surgery has an opportunity for growth. Implementation of key recommendations by residency programs can change the face of our specialty going forward.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plastic Surgery Diversity through the Decade: Where We Stand and How We Can Improve

Hernández

Kloer

Fimbres

et al. 2022

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open

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“…Because they represent different levels of engagement in diversity, equity, and inclusion efforts, GS and NS were chosen to compare with OTO. Prior research has determined that NS continuously displays low levels of gender, racial, and ethnic diversity, whereas GS has had recent increases in diversity . Data on gender and race and/or ethnicity of medical students and practicing otolaryngologists were gathered from the 2018 Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC), the US Medical Student Enrollment Reports, and the most recent (2018) US Physician Workforce data…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Demographic Changes of Workforce Diversity in Otolaryngology, 2013 to 2022

Fenton

Hamzat

Dimitroyannis

et al. 2023

JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg

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ImportanceGiven the growth of minoritized groups in the US and the widening racial and ethnic health disparities, improving diversity remains a proposed solution in the field of otolaryngology. Evaluating current trends in workforce diversity may highlight potential areas for improvement.ObjectiveTo understand the changes in gender, racial, and ethnic diversity in the otolaryngology workforce in comparison with changes in the general surgery and neurosurgery workforces from 2013 to 2022.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional study used publicly available data from the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education and the Association of American Medical Colleges for 2013 to 2022, and included medical students and trainees in all US medical residency programs and allopathic medical schools.Main Outcomes and MeasuresAverage percentages of women, Black, and Latino trainees during 2 intervals of 5 years (2013-2017 and 2018-2022). Pearson χ2 tests compared demographic information. Normalized ratios were calculated for each demographic group in medical school and residency. Piecewise linear regression assessed linear fit for representation across time periods and compared rates of change.ResultsThe study population comprised 59 865 medical residents (43 931 [73.4%] women; 6203 [10.4%] Black and 9731 [16.2%] Latino individuals; age was not reported). The comparison between the 2 study intervals showed that the proportions of women, Black, and Latino trainees increased in otolaryngology (2.9%, 0.7%, and 1.6%, respectively), and decreased for Black trainees in both general surgery and neurosurgery (−0.4% and −1.0%, respectively). In comparison with their proportions in medical school, Latino trainees were well represented in general surgery, neurosurgery, and otolaryngology (normalized ratios [NRs]: 1.25, 1.06, and 0.96, respectively); however, women and Black trainees remained underrepresented in general surgery, neurosurgery, and otolaryngology (women NRs, 0.76, 0.33, and 0.68; Black NRs, 0.63, 0.61, and 0.29, respectively). The percentage of women, Black, and Latino trainees in otolaryngology all increased from 2020 to 2022 (2.5%, 1.1%, and 1.1%, respectively). Piecewise regression showed positive trends across all 3 specialties.Conclusions and RelevanceThe findings of this cross-sectional study indicate a positive direction but only a modest increase of diversity in otolaryngology, particularly in the context of national demographic data. Novel strategies should be pursued to supplement existing efforts to increase diversity in otolaryngology.

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“…8 Seven percent of neurosurgery residents are Hispanic, and 5% are Black. 8,9 It is incumbent on neurosurgery programs and organized neurosurgery to develop approaches to increase recruitment of a more diverse population of residents. Moreover, to retain and promote success of a diverse cohort of residents, programs must actively create cultures that engender inclusivity within neurosurgery residencies and the profession as a whole.…”

Section: Growing a Diverse Equitable And Inclusive Neurosurgeon Resea...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Roadmap for Development of a Strong, Diverse Research Workforce in Neurosurgery

et al. 2023

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A benchmark of success for the neurosurgeon-scientist includes obtaining individual research funding from the National Institutes of Health. Successful roadmaps to this goal highlight diversity, individual commitment and resiliency, innovative research goals, intentional mentoring, protected research time, and financial support. We must equip neurosurgery residents to surmount obstacles such as long periods of training, gaps in research productivity, and limited protected time for research to ensure successful transition to independent research careers. Strong individual, departmental, and national commitment to scientific development of a diverse cohort of residents and junior faculty will increase the number and diversity of National Institutes of Health–funded neurosurgeon-scientists.

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Diversity in Neurosurgery: Trends in Gender and Racial/Ethnic Representation Among Applicants and Residents from U.S. Neurological Surgery Residency Programs

Cited by 38 publications

References 44 publications

Plastic Surgery Diversity through the Decade: Where We Stand and How We Can Improve

Plastic Surgery Diversity through the Decade: Where We Stand and How We Can Improve

Assessment of Demographic Changes of Workforce Diversity in Otolaryngology, 2013 to 2022

Roadmap for Development of a Strong, Diverse Research Workforce in Neurosurgery

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