Diversity and Taxonomic Distribution of Endophytic Bacterial Community in the Rice Plant and Its Prospective

Abstract

Endophytic bacterial communities are beneficial communities for host plants that exist inside the surfaces of plant tissues, and their application improves plant growth. They benefit directly from the host plant by enhancing the nutrient amount of the plant’s intake and influencing the phytohormones, which are responsible for growth promotion and stress. Endophytic bacteria play an important role in plant-growth promotion (PGP) by regulating the indirect mechanism targeting pest and pathogens through hydrolytic enzymes, antibiotics, biocontrol potential, and nutrient restriction for pathogens. To attain these benefits, firstly bacterial communities must be colonized by plant tissues. The nature of colonization can be achieved by using a set of traits, including attachment behavior and motility speed, degradation of plant polymers, and plant defense evasion. The diversity of bacterial endophytes colonization depends on various factors, such as plants’ relationship with environmental factors. Generally, each endophytic bacteria has a wide host range, and they are used as bio-inoculants in the form of synthetic applications for sustainable agriculture systems and to protect the environment from chemical hazards. This review discusses and explores the taxonomic distribution of endophytic bacteria associated with different genotypes of rice plants and their origin, movement, and mechanism of PGP. In addition, this review accentuates compressive meta data of endophytic bacteria communities associated with different genotypes of rice plants, retrieves their plant-growth-promoting properties and their antagonism against plant pathogens, and discusses the indication of endophytic bacterial flora in rice plant tissues using various methods. The future direction deepens the study of novel endophytic bacterial communities and their identification from rice plants through innovative techniques and their application for sustainable agriculture systems.

Toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis Strains Derived from the Novel Crystal Protein Cry31Aa with High Nematicidal Activity against Rice Parasitic Nematode Aphelenchoides besseyi

“…Cry5, Cry6, Cry14, Cry21, and Cry55 are among the cry proteins that have reported nematicidal activity [ 24 ]. One of the prerequisites for a Cry protein to induce its toxic activity is that the toxin protein can be ingested into the intestine by nematodes.…”

“…Many studies have demonstrated that Cry proteins produced by Bt strains have nematicidal activity [ 16 , 23 ]. Cry proteins with nematicidal activity mainly include Cry5, Cry6, Cry14, Cry21, and Cry55 [ 14 , 24 ]; among these, the 3D-Cry protein Cry5 and non-3D-Cry protein Cry6 have been reported to kill nematodes [ 25 , 26 ]. In order to find and identify novel Cry toxins with broad-spectrum activity against insects and nematodes, we compared Bt strains GBAC46 and NMTD81 based on genome-wide screening and found three unknown Cry proteins in the GBAC46 strain.…”

Cultivable Endophytic Bacteria in Seeds of Dongxiang Wild Rice and Their Role in Plant-Growth Promotion

“…Endophytes are microorganisms that inhabit the various tissues and organs of some or all stages of healthy plants and do not cause substantial damage to the host plant [3]. Researchers have successfully classified and reported more than 200 genera of endophytic bacteria from different plant tissues [4]. Endophytic bacteria sometimes provide multiple benefits to host plants, such as stimulation of plant growth by promoting biological nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, phytohormone production (indole-3acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellins), ACC deaminase activity, and enhancing antagonism against plant pathogens [5][6][7][8].…”

Growth Inhibition of Rhizoctonia solani and Its Infection Inhibition on the Rice Seedling by Rice Endophytic Bacteria

“…Bakteri endofit membantu tanaman meningkatkan penyerapan nutrisi melalui fiksasi nitrogen dari udara atau melarutkan fosfat serta memengaruhi fitohormon yang berperan sebagai pemicu pertumbuhan. Selain itu bakteri endofit secara tidak langsung memberikan manfaat bagi tanaman dengan memberikan perlindungan terhadap serangan patogen baik secara kontak maupun melalui senyawa antimikrob yang dihasilkannya (Ali et al 2021). Bakteri endofit juga dapat menempati lingkungan yang sama dengan patogen pada tanaman sehingga inokulasi bakteri endofit sebagai agens pengendali hayati dianggap sebagai metode yang tepat untuk mengendalikan patogen tanaman (Wu et al 2021).…”