Diversity and regional distribution of harmful algal events along the Atlantic margin of Europe

Bresnan, Eileen; Arévalo, Fabiola; Belin, Catherine; Branco, Maria Ana Castelo; Cembella, Allan; Clarke, Dave; Correa, Jorge; Davidson, Keith; Dhanji‐Rapkova, Monika; Lozano, Raul Fernández; Fernández-Tejedor, Margarita; Guðfinnsson, Hafsteinn G.; Carbonell, David Jaén; Laza‐Martínez, Aitor; Lemoine, Maud; Lewis, Adam M.; Menéndez, Luz Mamán; Maskrey, Benjamin H.; McKinney, April; Pazos, Yolanda; Revilla, Marta; Siano, Raffaele; Silva, Alexandra; Swan, Sarah; Turner, Andrew D.; Schweibold, Laura; Provoost, Pieter; Enevoldsen, Henrik

doi:10.1016/j.hal.2021.101976

Cited by 57 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 252 publications

(195 reference statements)

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“…Aquacultured finfish mortalities caused by the taxonomically unrelated microalgal genera Chattonella, Pseudochattonella, Heterosigma, Karenia, Karlodinium, Margalefidinium (Cochlodinium) and Prymnesium/ Chrysochromulina globally account for much greater economic damage than HABs contaminating seafood 39 . While most shellfish toxins have now been well characterised and are effectively monitored and regulated, finfish held captive in intensive aquaculture operations continue to be vulnerable to HABs (USD71M loss in Japan in 1972, USD70M in Korea in 1995, USD290M in China in 2012, USD100M in Norway in 2019 [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] ), even though the causative ichthyotoxins usually are of no human health significance. The 2016 Chilean salmon mortality that caused a record USD800M loss led to major social unrest 40 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Alterations in toxin monitoring techniques or changes in regulatory levels also play a key role in the impact levels. Closures from 1998 to 2005 of the Scottish scallop fishery due to high concentrations of AST in the gonad tissues were effectively reduced by an amendment to the European Union shellfish hygiene directive facilitating end product testing and sale of adductor muscle only 24 . When new HAB phenomena affect previously poorly monitored areas or product (e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Each region was assigned a regional editorial team tasked with collating information on HAB species occurrences and impacts, with the data and interpretations published in a special issue of the journal Harmful Algae (vol. 102, February 2021) [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] . As more sampling could lead to more observations of HABs, we estimated sampling effort using OBIS, the most comprehensive dataset on marine species records, as a proxy for sampling effort.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Perceived global increase in algal blooms is attributable to intensified monitoring and emerging bloom impacts

Hallegraeff

Anderson

Belin

et al. 2021

Commun Earth Environ

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252

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Global trends in the occurrence, toxicity and risk posed by harmful algal blooms to natural systems, human health and coastal economies are poorly constrained, but are widely thought to be increasing due to climate change and nutrient pollution. Here, we conduct a statistical analysis on a global dataset extracted from the Harmful Algae Event Database and Ocean Biodiversity Information System for the period 1985–2018 to investigate temporal trends in the frequency and distribution of marine harmful algal blooms. We find no uniform global trend in the number of harmful algal events and their distribution over time, once data were adjusted for regional variations in monitoring effort. Varying and contrasting regional trends were driven by differences in bloom species, type and emergent impacts. Our findings suggest that intensified monitoring efforts associated with increased aquaculture production are responsible for the perceived increase in harmful algae events and that there is no empirical support for broad statements regarding increasing global trends. Instead, trends need to be considered regionally and at the species level.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Perceived global increase in algal blooms is attributable to intensified monitoring and emerging bloom impacts

Hallegraeff

Anderson

Belin

et al. 2021

Commun Earth Environ

Self Cite

252

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“…Recently, Bresnan et al, 2021 used the IOC-ICES-PICES Harmful Algal Event Database (HAEDAT) to describe the diversity of harmful algal events along the Atlantic margin of Europe from 1987 to 2018 (Figure 2). Closures of shellfish production areas are mainly due to the regular annual occurrence of Diarrhetic Shellfish Toxins (DSTs) with protracted closure periods typical over the summer months.…”

Section: Main Groups Of Poisoning Syndromes and Associated Toxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The distribution and effects of HABs in combination with other environmental and economic threats has reduced European shellfish production over the last two decades (Avdelas et al, 2021). HABs are sometimes associated with large-scale marine fish mortality events but are more frequently associated with various types of shellfish poisoning in humans (Sanseverino et al, 2016;Bresnan et al, 2021). The significant economic impact of shellfish biotoxins are reviewed by Mardones et al (2020), with Martino et al (2020) demonstrating that the harmful dinoflagellate Dinophysis and its toxins alone reduce shellfish production in Scotland by 15% per annum.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Status of Forecasting Toxic Harmful Algae for the North-East Atlantic Shellfish Aquaculture Industry

et al. 2021

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Across the European Atlantic Arc (Scotland, Ireland, England, France, Spain, and Portugal) the shellfish aquaculture industry is dominated by the production of mussels, followed by oysters and clams. A range of spatially and temporally variable harmful algal bloom species (HABs) impact the industry through their production of biotoxins that accumulate and concentrate in shellfish flesh, which negatively impact the health of consumers through consumption. Regulatory monitoring of harmful cells in the water column and toxin concentrations within shellfish flesh are currently the main means of warning of elevated toxin events in bivalves, with harvesting being suspended when toxicity is elevated above EU regulatory limits. However, while such an approach is generally successful in safeguarding human health, it does not provide the early warning that is needed to support business planning and harvesting by the aquaculture industry. To address this issue, a proliferation of web portals have been developed to make monitoring data widely accessible. These systems are now transitioning from “nowcasts” to operational Early Warning Systems (EWS) to better mitigate against HAB-generated harmful effects. To achieve this, EWS are incorporating a range of environmental data parameters and developing varied forecasting approaches. For example, EWS are increasingly utilizing satellite data and the results of oceanographic modeling to identify and predict the behavior of HABs. Modeling demonstrates that some HABs can be advected significant distances before impacting aquaculture sites. Traffic light indices are being developed to provide users with an easily interpreted assessment of HAB and biotoxin risk, and expert interpretation of these multiple data streams is being used to assess risk into the future. Proof-of-concept EWS are being developed to combine model information with in situ data, in some cases using machine learning-based approaches. This article: (1) reviews HAB and biotoxin issues relevant to shellfish aquaculture in the European Atlantic Arc (Scotland, Ireland, England, France, Spain, and Portugal; (2) evaluates the current status of HAB events and EWS in the region; and (3) evaluates the potential of further improving these EWS though multi-disciplinary approaches combining heterogeneous sources of information.

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The diarrhetic shellfish-poisoning toxin, okadaic acid, provokes gastropathy, dysbiosis and susceptibility to bacterial infection in a non-rodent bioassay, Galleria mellonella

et al. 2021

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Diarrhetic shellfish-poisoning (DSP) toxins such as okadaic acid and dinophysistoxins harm the human gastrointestinal tract, and therefore, their levels are regulated to an upper limit of 160 μg per kg tissue to protect consumers. Rodents are used routinely for risk assessment and studies concerning mechanisms of toxicity, but there is a general move toward reducing and replacing vertebrates for these bioassays. We have adopted insect larvae of the wax moth Galleria mellonella as a surrogate toxicology model. We treated larvae with environmentally relevant doses of okadaic acid (80–400 μg/kg) via intrahaemocoelic injection or gavage to determine marine toxin-related health decline: (1) whether pre-exposure to a sub-lethal dose of toxin (80 μg/kg) enhances susceptibility to bacterial infection, or (2) alters tissue pathology and bacterial community (microbiome) composition of the midgut. A sub-lethal dose of okadaic acid (80 μg/kg) followed 24 h later by bacterial inoculation (2 × 105Escherichia coli) reduced larval survival levels to 47%, when compared to toxin (90%) or microbial challenge (73%) alone. Histological analysis of the midgut depicted varying levels of tissue disruption, including nuclear aberrations associated with cell death (karyorrhexis, pyknosis), loss of organ architecture, and gross epithelial displacement into the lumen. Moreover, okadaic acid presence in the midgut coincided with a shift in the resident bacterial population over time in that substantial reductions in diversity (Shannon) and richness (Chao-1) indices were observed at 240 μg toxin per kg. Okadaic acid-induced deterioration of the insect alimentary canal resembles those changes reported for rodent bioassays.

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Diversity and regional distribution of harmful algal events along the Atlantic margin of Europe

Cited by 57 publications

References 252 publications

Perceived global increase in algal blooms is attributable to intensified monitoring and emerging bloom impacts

Perceived global increase in algal blooms is attributable to intensified monitoring and emerging bloom impacts

Current Status of Forecasting Toxic Harmful Algae for the North-East Atlantic Shellfish Aquaculture Industry

The diarrhetic shellfish-poisoning toxin, okadaic acid, provokes gastropathy, dysbiosis and susceptibility to bacterial infection in a non-rodent bioassay, Galleria mellonella

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