Diversity and flexibility of sex-change strategies in animals

Munday, Philip L.; Buston, Peter M.; Warner, Robert R.

doi:10.1016/j.tree.2005.10.020

Cited by 331 publications

(351 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…releasing either male or female gametes into the water column, where fertilization takes place; hence, their mating system is random; figure 1c,d ). The SAH postulates that protandry is strongly favoured where pair spawning is random in relation to size (Warner 1975(Warner , 1988Charnov 1982), although protandry is less favoured in broadcast spawners where mating is effectively random, because sperm competition tends to favour large size in males (Muñ oz & Warner 2003;Munday et al 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We believe that longer term studies on individuals of sex-changing animals will reveal that they employ a greater variety of sex-allocation strategies (see Munday et al 2006) in order to increase their fitness.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, its applicability has not been addressed in sessile or very low mobility sex-changing animals that lack any obvious social interactions. The SAH predicts that sex change will occur earlier in populations exhibiting slower growth rates and higher mortality rates (Ghiselin 1969;Warner 1975;Charnov 1979Charnov , 1982Iwasa 1991;Munday 2002;Munday et al 2006). The detailed data obtained on these parameters for the fungiid populations during 2004-2007 enabled us to test these hypotheses on these sessile corals, which in all probability lack social control of sex allocation (table 1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Munday et al 1998;Munday 2002;Muñ oz & Warner 2003;Manabe et al 2007) and in some mobile invertebrates (e.g. Warner et al 1996;Collin 2006;Munday et al 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bidirectional sex change in mushroom stony corals

Loya

Sakai

2008

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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Sex change occurs when an individual changes from one functional sex to another. The direction of sex change occurs mainly from male to female (protandry) or vice versa (protogyny), but sometimes may be bidirectional (repetitive). Here, for the first time in stony corals, we report on a protandrous sex change exhibited by two mushroom corals, Fungia repanda and Ctenactis echinata, with the latter also exhibiting bidirectional sex change. Compared with C. echinata, F. repanda exhibited relatively earlier sex change, significantly slower growth and higher mortality rates, in accordance with sex-allocation theory. Sex ratio in both the species was biased towards the first sex. The bidirectional sex change displayed by C. echinata greatly resembles that of dioecious plants that display labile sexuality in response to energetic and/or environmental constraints. We posit that, similar to these plants, in the studied corals, sex change increases their overall fitness, reinforcing the important role of reproductive plasticity in scleractinian corals in determining their evolutionary success.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Munday et al 1998;Munday 2002;Muñ oz & Warner 2003;Manabe et al 2007) and in some mobile invertebrates (e.g. Warner et al 1996;Collin 2006;Munday et al 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bidirectional sex change in mushroom stony corals

Loya

Sakai

2008

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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“…In most animal species in which it occurs, sex change occurs only once in an individual's lifetime (Munday, Buston, & Warner, 2006; Munday, Kuwamura, & Kroon, 2010), but many plants undergo repeated, multidirectional sex changes (Mirski, 2014; Nanami, Kawaguchi, & Yamakura, 2004; Schlessman, 1988; Ushimaru & Matsui, 2001; Yamashita & Abe, 2002). Such frequent sex changes affect the sex ratio of a population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex change in the subdioecious shrub Eurya japonica (Pentaphylacaceae)

Wang

Matsushita

Tomaru

et al. 2017

Ecology and Evolution

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Sex change affects the sex ratios of plant populations and may play an essential role in the evolutionary shift of sexual systems. Sex change can be a strategy for increasing fitness over the lifetime of a plant, and plant size, environmental factors, and growth rate may affect sex change. We described frequent, repeated sex changes following various patterns in a subdioecious Eurya japonica population over five successive years. Of the individuals, 27.5% changed their sex at least once, and these changes were unidirectional or bidirectional. The sex ratio (females/males/all hermaphrodite types) did not fluctuate over the 5 years. In our study plots, although the current sex ratio among the sexes appears to be stable, the change in sex ratio may be slowly progressing toward increasing females and decreasing males. Sex was more likely to change with higher growth rates and more exposure to light throughout the year. Among individuals that changed sex, those that were less exposed to light in the leafy season and had less diameter growth tended to shift from hermaphrodite to a single sex. Therefore, sex change in E. japonica seemed to be explained by a response to the internal physiological condition of an individual mediated by intrinsic and abiotic environmental factors.

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Sex Allocation in Hermaphrodites

Kazancıoğlu

2009

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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Organisms in which individuals can reproduce both as males and females are called hermaphrodites. Sex allocation in hermaphrodites involves the division of reproductive resources between the male and female function, and presents an interesting contrast to species that alter sex allocation by adjusting offspring sex ratio. Theoretical and empirical research in the past four decades have largely attempted to explain when hermaphroditism is favoured, and how sex allocation in hermaphrodites is controlled. Furthermore, the application of endocrinological methods has elucidated some of the molecular processes that underlie hermaphroditic sex allocation, especially in sequential hermaphrodites. Despite significant advances in our understanding of hermaphrodites, some fundamental predictions such as the adaptiveness of changes in sex allocation have not been tested, and some basic questions on hermaphroditism have not been answered. Key concepts: In hermaphroditic organisms, individuals are capable of reproducing as both males and females. Simultaneous hermaphrodites have male and female reproductive organs that are functional at the same time, and are both involved in a mating event. Simultaneous hermaphroditism is favoured, when an increase in male and female reproduction yields diminishing fitness returns. Factors such as limited mobility, low density or self‐fertilization can result in diminishing fitness returns for males, and favour simultaneous hermaphroditism. However, local resource competition and physiological limitations could saturate fitness through female function. Simultaneous hermaphrodites can adjust sex allocation according to the social environment (e.g. mating group size), and the amount of resources available for reproduction (e.g. body size). Sequential hermaphrodites, or sex changers, reproduce as one sex for a part of their lifetime, and then switch to reproducing as the opposite sex. Sequential hermaphroditism is favoured in mating systems where individuals have consistently greater reproductive success as one sex earlier and as the other sex later in life. Sequential hermaphrodites can adjust the optimal timing of sex change according to relative size or social status in a mating group. There are also mixed hermaphroditic systems where individuals can repeatedly switch between sexes, or simultaneous hermaphrodites coexist with pure sexes. Sex change in fishes involves complex behavioural and morphological changes that are regulated by an endocrine gland system conserved across all vertebrates.

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Diversity and flexibility of sex-change strategies in animals

Cited by 331 publications

References 66 publications

Bidirectional sex change in mushroom stony corals

Bidirectional sex change in mushroom stony corals

Sex change in the subdioecious shrub Eurya japonica (Pentaphylacaceae)

Sex Allocation in Hermaphrodites

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