Diversity and evolution of chitin synthases in oomycetes (Straminipila: Oomycota)

Klinter, Stefan; Bulone, Vincent; Arvestad, Lars

doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2019.106558

Cited by 17 publications

(19 citation statements)

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“…P. infestans contains one putative Chs gene (Haas et al, 2009), but analysis of its cell wall has been unable to detect any GlcNAc . Nonetheless, the activity of the corresponding Chs product seems to be required for vegetative growth as the presence of NZ in the culture medium results in strong growth inhibition (Hinkel and Ospina-Giraldo, 2017) and tip bursting (Klinter et al, 2019). This was confirmed in recent work in other Phytophthora species where CHS proteins have been shown to be involved in vegetative growth, asexual reproduction, and pathogenesis (Cheng et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 55%

“…Despite our Southern blot analysis suggested the presence of up to eight Chs genes (Figure 3), the detection of more than six bands is most likely due to allelic variations at the heterozygous loci. The presence of six Chs genes in S. parasitica is also supported by the identification of six Chs genes in other species of the order Saprolegniales (Klinter et al, 2019). Interestingly, the recent phylogenetic analysis of 93 oomycete Chs products divided Saprolegniales CHS into six different clades.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…Regardless of the content of chitin in the cell wall of different oomycetes, genes that code for predicted CHS have been found in all oomycete genomes analyzed to date (Klinter et al, 2019), suggesting that the putative Chs genes of oomycete species whose cell walls are devoid of chitin are either not functional or not involved in chitin biosynthesis. Two Chs genes were identified in S. monoica, with SmChs2 being the most highly expressed in the mycelium (Guerriero et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Identification and Characterization of the Chitin Synthase Genes From the Fish Pathogen Saprolegnia parasitica

2019

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Saprolegnia parasitica is a pathogenic oomycete responsible for severe fish infections. Despite its low abundance in the cell wall of S. parasitica, chitin is essential for hyphal growth as the inhibition of its biosynthesis leads to highly reduced growth. Here we identified and characterized chitin synthases (CHS) from S. parasitica as potential targets for anti-oomycete drugs. Bioinformatics analyses allowed the identification of six different putative Chs genes in the genome of the pathogen. The total number of genes was confirmed by Southern blot analysis and their expression levels were determined by quantitative PCR. Four of the six Chs genes were expressed in the mycelium, while the two others exhibited undetectable levels of expression. The mycelium was highly sensitive to the addition of nikkomycin Z (NZ) in the culture medium, which led to a decreased amount of chitin in the cell wall by up to 40% in the conditions tested, and to the formation of abnormal branching structures in the hyphae. The presence of NZ increased the expression level of one of the genes, Chs3, suggesting that the corresponding product is compensating the disruption of chitin biosynthesis in the hyphae. In addition, the activity of isolated CHS was strongly inhibited by NZ in vitro. Altogether our data indicate the importance of CHS for the vegetative growth of S. parasitica and demonstrate that these enzymes represent promising targets for the control of diseases caused by oomycetes.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 55%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Identification and Characterization of the Chitin Synthase Genes From the Fish Pathogen Saprolegnia parasitica

2019

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“…Molecular evolution and systematic analyses have been used to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships of oomycetes, which is important due to the need to understand the evolution of pathogenesis. In fact, several studies have provided phylogenetic frameworks that allow thorough comparisons among some oomycetes species . Nevertheless, to date, most of these studies were performed using a limited set of traditional genetic markers, such as nuclear ribosomal DNA and/or mitochondrial markers .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fact, several studies have provided phylogenetic frameworks that allow thorough comparisons among some oomycetes species. 2,[5][6][7] Nevertheless, to date, most of these studies were performed using a limited set of traditional genetic markers, such as nuclear ribosomal DNA and/or mitochondrial markers. 5,6,[8][9][10] More recently other genetic markers have been studied, including some protein-coding flagellar and immunodominant cell wall remodelling genes (like the central pair-associated protein (pf16), tubular mastigoneme protein (ocm1) and exo-1,3β-glucanase (exo-1)), and these genes have clarified several previously unanswered questions about origin and diversification of Pythium insidiosum.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New insights on evolutionary aspects of Pythium insidiosum and other peronosporaleans

Weiblen

Robe

Azevedo

et al. 2020

Mycoses

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Summary Background The evolution of pathogenic mechanisms is a major challenge, which requires a thorough comprehension of the phylogenetic relationships of pathogens. Peronosporaleans encompasses a heterogeneous group of oomycetes that includes some animal/human pathogens, like Pythium insidiosum. Objective We analysed here the phylogenetic positioning and other evolutionary aspects related to this species and other peronosporaleans, using a multi‐locus approach with one mitochondrial and three nuclear genes. Methodology Phylogenetic patterns of 55 oomycetes were inferred by maximum likelihood and Bayesian analysis, and a relaxed molecular clock method was applied to infer the divergence time of some peronosporaleans branches. Results Pythium insidiosum was monophyletic with a major and polytomous clade of American isolates; however, Pythium spp. was found to be paraphyletic with Phytopythium sp. and Phytophthora spp. In general, peronosporaleans subdivided into four lineages, one of which evidenced a close relationship of P insidiosum, P aphanidermatum and P arrhenomanes. This lineage diverged about 63 million years ago (Mya), whereas P insidiosum diversified at approximately 24 Mya. The divergence of American and Thai isolates seems to have occurred at approximately 17 Mya, with further American diversification at 2.4 Mya. Conclusion Overall, this study clarifies the phylogenetic relationships of P insidiosum regarding other peronosporaleans in a multi‐locus perspective, despite previous claims that phylogenomic analyses are needed to accurately infer the patterns and processes related to the evolution of different lineages in this group. Additionally, this is the first time that a molecular clock was applied to study the evolution of P insidiosum.

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Introducing a new pathosystem for marine pathogens – the green alga Urospora neglecta and its pathogen Sirolpidium litorale sp. nov.

Buaya,

Tsai,

Klochkova

et al. 2023

Mycol Progress

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Holocarpic oomycetes, which had fallen into relative scientific obscurity for quite some time, recently regained scientific interest. Among these organisms, some stand out for infecting commercially valuable red algae, such as the nori algae of the genus Pyropia, rendering them economically significant. After having observed simple holocarpic pathogens of green algae in previous sampling trips, most of which we could not fully characterise due to their scarcity, we now discovered a parasite of the widespread littoral green algae Urospora neglecta. This previously unnoticed parasite turned out to be distinct from another green algae-infesting species, Sirolpidium bryopsidis. This finding led us to formally describe it as Sirolpidium litorale, marking the first new species of holocarpic oomycetes of green algae to be found on the shores of Blávík, East Iceland. The ease of cultivation of U. neglecta offers a unique opportunity to establish a genetically tractable system for studying how Sirolpidium interacts with algae. This could help uncover the underlying mechanisms behind the pathogenicity of the species of this genus and provide valuable insights into their ecological roles and evolutionary history.

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Diversity and evolution of chitin synthases in oomycetes (Straminipila: Oomycota)

Cited by 17 publications

References 83 publications

Identification and Characterization of the Chitin Synthase Genes From the Fish Pathogen Saprolegnia parasitica

Identification and Characterization of the Chitin Synthase Genes From the Fish Pathogen Saprolegnia parasitica

New insights on evolutionary aspects of Pythium insidiosum and other peronosporaleans

Introducing a new pathosystem for marine pathogens – the green alga Urospora neglecta and its pathogen Sirolpidium litorale sp. nov.

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