Diversity and Epidemiology of Mokola Virus

Kgaladi, Joe; Wright, Nicolette; Coertse, Jessica; Markotter, Wanda; Marston, Denise A.; Fooks, Anthony R.; Freuling, Conrad Martin; Müller, Thomas; Sabeta, Claude; Nel, Louis Hendrik

doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002511

Cited by 38 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…The 0% prevalence of Mokola virus recorded in shrews in this study agrees with Kantakamalakul who investigated five hundred rodents and shrews for rabies virus using direct immunoflorescnce and reported 0% prevalence [47]. Kgaladi et al after his survey on Moklola virus reported that although, the first isolates of Mokola virus were from Nigeria and other Congo basin countries, all reports over the past 20 years have been from Southern Africa [27].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 88%

“…The human cases of Mokola virus infection have demonstrated its zoonotic potential [16,26] but a natural reservoir is yet to be identified [27]. The fact that all cases of Mokola virus infection in South Africa, as well as all but one from domestic animals from other countries in Africa [28][29][30][31] have been confined to cats, strongly suggests that the reservoir is to be found among their prey (shrews and rodents) as the virus has been isolated from them [15,[32][33][34].…”

Section: Journal Of V Journal Of Veterinary Science and Eterinary Scienmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Absence of Rabies and Rabies-Related Lyssaviruses in Some Wild Animal Species in Enugu State, Nigeria

Obodoechi¹,

Anyaoha²,

Ibezim³

et al. 2017

J Vet Sci Technol

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This study investigated the presence of rabies and rabies-related lyssaviruses in the brain, liver and spleen of some wild animal species (rodents, shrews and civet cats) slaughtered for human consumption in Enugu State, Southeastern Nigeria. Attempts were made to establish possible exposure potential of humans to rabies and rabies-related lyssaviruses through handling, processing, selling, buying and consumption of these wild animals and establish the species of the viral isolates if any. A total of four hundred and eighty four 329) wild animals were sampled for rabies and rabies-related lyssaviruses using florescent antibody technique (FAT), cell culture test for the isolation and Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) for detection of lyssavirus nucleic acid. The animals sampled include eighty nine land squirrels (Xerus erythropus), seventy African giant rats (Cricetomysgambians), one hundred and one black rats eighty bush rats (Rattus fuscipes), seventy two shrews and seventy civet cats (Civetticitis civetta). The animals were collected fresh from hunters or markets, restaurants and bars where they are slaughtered and consumed as delicacy in the study area. There was no lyssavirus isolated from the three hundred and forty rodent samples (brain, liver, spleen) examined. Similarly, there was no lyssavirus isolated from the seventy civet cat samples (liver, spleen, brain). And samples (liver, spleen, brain) from seventy two shrews. The results of this study suggest that rodents and civet cats slaughtered for human consumption in Enugu State, Nigeria are free of rabies and rabies-related lyssaviruses. Therefore, there is no exposure potential to rabies or rabies-related lyssaviruses in those involved in the hunting, handling, processing, selling, buying and consumption of bush meat of these animal species. Also, the shrews and some other rodents such as black rats (Rattus rattus) were noted to be free of rabies and rabies-related lyssaviruses in the study area.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Journal Of V Journal Of Veterinary Science and Eterinary Scienmentioning

confidence: 99%

Absence of Rabies and Rabies-Related Lyssaviruses in Some Wild Animal Species in Enugu State, Nigeria

Obodoechi¹,

Anyaoha²,

Ibezim³

et al. 2017

J Vet Sci Technol

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“…To elucidate whether the induction of disease in these vaccine-induced rabies cases was a result of mutations at known antigenic sites [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32], all sequences were screened for nucleotide exchanges at the respective genome positions. The analysis revealed no nucleotide exchanges between the SAD Bern orig -derived vaccine virus strains and their induced rabies cases in any of the known antigenic sites, including SNVs on these particular positions.…”

Section: Known Antigenic Sites Are Rarely Affected By Amino Acid Exchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population- and Variant-Based Genome Analyses of Viruses from Vaccine-Derived Rabies Cases Demonstrate Product Specific Clusters and Unique Patterns

Calvelage

Smreczak

Orłowska

et al. 2020

Viruses

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Rabies in wildlife has been successfully controlled in parts of Europe and North America using oral rabies vaccination, i.e., the distribution of baits containing live-attenuated virus strains. Occasionally, these vaccines caused vaccine virus-induced rabies cases. To elucidate the mechanisms of genetic selection and the effect of viral populations on these rabies cases, a next generation sequencing approach as well as comprehensive data analyses of the genetic diversity of Street Alabama Dufferin (SAD) and ERA vaccine virus strains and vaccine-induced rabies cases from Canada and several European countries were conducted. As a result, twelve newly generated sets of sequencing data from Canada and Poland were added to a pool of previously investigated samples. While the population-based analysis showed a segregation of viruses of ERA vaccine-induced rabies cases from those of SAD Bern original (SAD Bern orig )-derived rabies cases, the in-depth variant analysis revealed three distinct combinations of selected variants for the ERA vaccine-induced cases, suggesting the presence of multiple replication-competent haplotypes in the investigated ERA-BHK21 vaccine. Our findings demonstrate the potential of a deep sequencing approach in combination with comprehensive analyses on the consensus, population, and variant level.

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“…Furthermore, SARS coronavirus (SARS‐CoV) has been identified in Chinese bats, and it has been shown that the SARS‐CoV genome sequence generated from humans and civets during the 2002–2003 outbreak in China phylogenetically clustered within the bat associated group of SARS‐CoV‐like viruses (Calisher et al., ; Drexler et al., ; Moratelli & Calisher, ; Wong et al., ). Filoviruses, including Ebola and Marburg viruses, also pose a significant threat to human health, and despite human outbreaks being rare and sporadic, they are associated with a high case fatality rate (Hoffmann et al., ; Jayme et al., ; Kgaladi et al., ; Plowright et al., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of potentially novel paramyxovirus and coronavirus viral RNA in bats and rats in the Mekong Delta region of southern Viet Nam

Berto

Anh

Carrique-Mas

et al. 2017

Zoonoses and Public Health

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SummaryBats and rodents are being increasingly recognized as reservoirs of emerging zoonotic viruses. Various studies have investigated bat viruses in tropical regions, but to date there are no data regarding viruses with zoonotic potential that circulate in bat and rat populations in Viet Nam. To address this paucity of data, we sampled three bat farms and three wet markets trading in rat meat in the Mekong Delta region of southern Viet Nam. Faecal and urine samples were screened for the presence of RNA from paramyxoviruses, coronaviruses and filoviruses. Paramyxovirus RNA was detected in 4 of 248 (1%) and 11 of 222 (4.9%) bat faecal and urine samples, respectively. Coronavirus RNA was detected in 55 of 248 (22%) of bat faecal samples; filovirus RNA was not detected in any of the bat samples. Further, coronavirus RNA was detected in 12 of 270 (4.4%) of rat faecal samples; all samples tested negative for paramyxovirus. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the bat paramyxoviruses and bat and rat coronaviruses were related to viruses circulating in bat and rodent populations globally, but showed no cross‐species mixing of viruses between bat and rat populations within Viet Nam. Our study shows that potentially novel variants of paramyxoviruses and coronaviruses commonly circulate in bat and rat populations in Viet Nam. Further characterization of the viruses and additional human and animal surveillance is required to evaluate the likelihood of viral spillover and to assess whether these viruses pose a risk to human health.

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Diversity and Epidemiology of Mokola Virus

Cited by 38 publications

References 65 publications

Absence of Rabies and Rabies-Related Lyssaviruses in Some Wild Animal Species in Enugu State, Nigeria

Absence of Rabies and Rabies-Related Lyssaviruses in Some Wild Animal Species in Enugu State, Nigeria

Population- and Variant-Based Genome Analyses of Viruses from Vaccine-Derived Rabies Cases Demonstrate Product Specific Clusters and Unique Patterns

Detection of potentially novel paramyxovirus and coronavirus viral RNA in bats and rats in the Mekong Delta region of southern Viet Nam

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