Diversity and abundance of frugivorous drosophilids and their parasitoids in Bogor, Indonesia

Abstract

The diversity, abundance and association of frugivorous drosophilids and their parasitoids were studied in Bogor, Indonesia (the tropical region), and compared with the results in Iriomote-jima (the subtropical region) and Tokyo (the temperate region).In the collections of adult drosophilid flies by traps baited with banana in wooded areas, the number of commonly observed frugivorous drosophilid species (i.e. species that occupied more than 0.5% of total drosophilid samples) was 10 in Bogor and nine in Iriomote-jima, more than in Tokyo (six species), probably reflecting the high diversity and abundance of fruits. The rate of parasitism was very high in Bogor, especially in species of the Drosophila ananassae and immigrans species groups. The diversity of parasitoids attacking frugivorous drosophilids was higher in Bogor and Iriomote-jima than in Tokyo, possibly due to the high species diversity of host drosophilids.Parasitoids generally showed wider latitudinal distributions than drosophilids. No remarkable difference was observed in the host range among tropical, subtropical and temperate parasitoids.

Altitudinal patterns of abundances and parasitism in frugivorous drosophilids in west Java, Indonesia

“…ponapensis were more frequent at lower altitudes, while A. orientalis (cited as Asobara sp. BG1 in Kimura and Suwito, 2012) was more frequent at higher altitudes ( Table 2). The overall parasitism rate of pupae of this type was somewhat higher at lower altitudes, but the effect of altitude or fly abundance (i.e., the total number of adult flies belonging to the immigrans species group in the adult collections: Table 1) on the parasitism rate was not significant (P=0.146 on altitude and P=0.275 on fly abundance: Fig.…”

“…Frugivorous drosophilid flies and their parasitoids were collected in wooded and domestic areas in Sukamantri and Cibodas near Bogor (6.6 °S, 106.5 °E; about 250 m in altitude) in west Java, Indonesia, and compared with those in Bogor (Kimura and Suwito 2012). Sukamantri is located about 10 km southwest of Bogor at an altitude of about 700 m on the slope of Mt.…”

“…We have already reported the composition of frugivorous drosophilid flies and their parasitoids based on the trap collections using banana as bait at a low altitude location (Bogor: approximately 250 m in altitude) in west Java (Kimura and Suwito 2012). In addition, we have shown host use of these parasitoids based on laboratory experiments on host suitability and acceptance (Kimura and Suwito 2014).…”

“…Péré et al (2013) suggested in their meta-analyses that both parasitism rates and parasitoid species richness decreased with increasing elevation. In our previous studies on parasitoids attacking frugivorous drosophilids, on the other hand, the species diversity did not so much differ between the tropical, subtropical and temperate regions, and the parasitism rate was much higher in the tropics compared to the subtropical and temperate regions (Mitsui and Kimura 2010;Novković et al 2012;Kimura and Suwito 2012). On the other hand, no information is available on the altitudinal pattern of parasitism in drosophilid flies, although a number of references have been published on the altitudinal distributions and temperature adaptations of drosophilid flies in the temperate regions (Kimura et al 1978;Bächli 1979;Bächli & Burla 1992;Beppu et al 1996;Mitsui et al 2010).…”

Prevalence of exotic frugivorous Drosophila species, D. simulans and D. immigrans (Diptera: Drosophilidae), and its effects on local parasitoids in Sapporo, northern Japan

“…In Iriomote-jima (24.3 ºN), D. melanogaster and D. ananassae were the major exotic frugivorous species and they comprised only 2% even in the domestic area (Novković et al 2012). In Bogor (6.5 ºS), Indonesia, D. ananassae was the only cosmopolitan species and comprised only 0.5% in the domestic area (Kimura and Suwito 2012). Conversely, the abundance of native frugivorous Drosophila species is lower at higher latitudes, probably reflecting the decrease of fruit diversity and abundance with increasing latitude.…”