Diversity among French
            <i>Bacillus anthracis</i>
            Isolates

Fouet, Agnès; Smith, Kimothy L.; Keys, Chris; Vaissaire, Josée; Doujet, Claudine Le; Levy, M; Mock, Michèle; Keim, Paul

doi:10.1128/jcm.40.12.4732-4734.2002

Cited by 56 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The major Italian genotypes are part of this very fit strain complex, which has succeeded in becoming ecologically established in many regions. This result is in contrast to that for adjacent southern France, where B2 genotypes have become established and are the most common subtype (2).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 52%

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Molecular Diversity of Bacillus anthracis in Italy

et al. 2005

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We used multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) to type 64 Bacillus anthracis isolates from outbreaks that have occurred during the past 40 years in Italy. MLVA of the 64 isolates revealed 10 unique genotypes; 9 of these genotypes and the majority of isolates (63/64) belonged to the previously described genetic cluster A1.a. Within the A1.a isolates, two previously described genotypes (G1 and G3), which differ by a single mutation in the pX01 locus, account for the majority of isolates in the country (53/63). The low diversity of B. anthracis genotypes in Italy suggests a single, dominant historical introduction, followed by limited localized differentiation.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 52%

“…Keim et al in 2000 used MLVA to examine a worldwide collection of B. anthracis isolates and described 89 unique genotypes (8). Further studies have used MLVA to examine regional patterns of anthrax diversity; these include studies of the genetic diversity of B. anthracis isolates in France and Poland (2,3,13,14).…”

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confidence: 99%

Molecular Diversity of Bacillus anthracis in Italy

et al. 2005

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“…Partly owing to a lack of reliable biomarkers, investigation of the association of whole-grain intake with disease prevalence has been difficult. Alkylresorcinols (ARs) are found in high concentrations in rye and wheat whole-grain cereals and have been proposed to function as plasma markers of wholegrain intake (3)(4)(5). ARs are absorbed via the lymphatic system and have a rather short elimination half-life (6,7 ).…”

confidence: 99%

“…Although genetically homogeneous (1 ), this bacterium has been genotyped (2 ), and molecular genotyping of B. anthracis played an important role in differentiating and identifying the strains used in the 2001 bioterrorism attack in the US (1,2 ). Recent efforts to evaluate the diversity of B. anthracis isolates from different geographic areas have improved our knowledge of the phylogeny and geographic distribution of different genetic variants (gene clusters) of this species (3)(4)(5)(6)(7). Studies have also tried to trace strains deliberately released into the environment back to their origins (8 ).…”

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confidence: 99%

Optimization of High-Resolution Melting Analysis for Low-Cost and Rapid Screening of Allelic Variants of Bacillus anthracis by Multiple-Locus Variable-Number Tandem Repeat Analysis

Fortini

Ciammaruconi²,

Santis³

et al. 2007

Clinical Chemistry

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Background: Molecular genotyping of Bacillus anthracis, the etiologic agent of anthrax, is important for differentiating and identifying strains from different geographic areas and for tracing strains deliberately released in a bioterrorism attack. We previously described a multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat (VNTR) analysis (MLVA) based on 25 marker loci. Although the method has great differentiating power and reproducibility, faster genotyping at low cost may be requested to accurately identify B. anthracis strains in the field. Methods: We used the High Resolution Melter-1 (Idaho Technology) and a saturating dye of double-stranded DNA (LCGreen I) to identify alleles via PCR and melting-curve analysis of the amplicons. We applied high-resolution melting analysis (HRMA) to a collection of 19 B. anthracis strains. Results: HRMA produced reproducible results for 6 of the 25 B. anthracis loci tested. These easily interpretable and distinguishable melting curve results were consistent with MLVA results obtained for the same alleles. The feasibility of this method was demonstrated in testing of different allelic variants for the 6 selected loci. Conclusions: The described HRMA application for screening B. anthracis VNTR loci is fast and widely accessible and may prove particularly useful under field conditions.

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“…Anthrax is now rare in livestock in the European Union. The major enzootic areas are Greece, Spain, France and Southern Italy (Fasanella et al, 2005;Fouet et al, 2002). An outbreak of anthrax was reported among cattle, sheep and horses in southern Italy in 2011, with seven fatal cases in horses.…”

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confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the public health hazards to be covered by inspection of meat (solipeds)

Publication¹

2013

EFSA Journal

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A risk ranking process identified Trichinella spp. as the most relevant biological hazard in the context of meat inspection of domestic solipeds. Without a full and reliable soliped traceability system, it is considered that either testing all slaughtered solipeds for Trichinella spp., or inactivation meat treatments (heat or irradiation) should be used to maintain the current level of safety. With regard to general aspects of current meat inspection practices, the use of manual techniques during current post-mortem soliped meat inspection may increase microbial cross-contamination, and is considered to have a detrimental effect on the microbiological status of soliped carcass meat. Therefore, the use of visual-only inspection is suggested for -non-suspect‖ solipeds. For chemical hazards, phenylbutazone and cadmium were ranked as being of high potential concern. Monitoring programmes for chemical hazards should be more flexible and based on the risk of occurrence, taking into account Food Chain Information (FCI), covering the specific on-farm environmental conditions and individual animal treatments, and the ranking of chemical substances, which should be regularly updated and include new hazards. Sampling, testing and intervention protocols for chemical hazards should be better integrated and should focus particularly on cadmium, phenylbutazone and priority -essential substances‖ approved for Meat inspection of solipeds EFSA Journal 2013;11(6):3263 2 treatment of equine animals. Implementation and enforcement of a more robust and reliable identification system throughout the European Union is needed to improve traceability of domestic solipeds. Meat inspection is recognised as a valuable tool for surveillance and monitoring of animal health and welfare conditions. If visual only post-mortem inspection is implemented for routine slaughter, a reduction in the detection of strangles and mild cases of rhodococcosis would occur. However, this was considered unlikely to affect the overall surveillance of both diseases. Improvement of FCI and traceability were considered as not having a negative effect on animal health and welfare surveillance.© European Food Safety Authority, 2013 KEY WORDSmeat inspection, soliped, horse, slaughterhouse, surveillance, contaminants, residuesMeat inspection of solipeds EFSA Journal 2013;11(6):3263 3 SUMMARYFollowing a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the public health hazards to be covered by inspection of meat for several animal species, with the contribution of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) and the Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW). Briefly, the main risks for public health that should be addressed by meat inspection were identified and ranked, the strengths and weaknesses of the current meat inspection system were evaluated, and recommendations were made regarding inspection methods fit for purpose to meet the overall objectives of meat inspection fo...

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Diversity among French Bacillus anthracis Isolates

Cited by 56 publications

References 8 publications

Molecular Diversity of Bacillus anthracis in Italy

Molecular Diversity of Bacillus anthracis in Italy

Optimization of High-Resolution Melting Analysis for Low-Cost and Rapid Screening of Allelic Variants of Bacillus anthracis by Multiple-Locus Variable-Number Tandem Repeat Analysis

Scientific Opinion on the public health hazards to be covered by inspection of meat (solipeds)

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