Diversification rate shifts in the Cape Floristic Region: The right traits in the right place at the right time

Onstein, Renske E.; Carter, Richard J.; Xing, Yao‐Wu; Linder, H. Peter

doi:10.1016/j.ppees.2014.08.002

Cited by 37 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 72 publications

(84 reference statements)

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“…Several studies have found evidence for elevated diversification rates in MTE regions and clades (Onstein et al. , ; Cowling et al. ; Reyes et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Equilibrium and non‐equilibrium phases in the radiation of Hakea and the drivers of diversity in Mediterranean‐type ecosystems

Skeels

Cardillo

2019

Evolution

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Mediterranean‐type ecosystems (MTEs) contain exceptional plant diversity. Explanations for this diversity are usually classed as either “equilibrium,” with elevated MTE diversity resulting from greater ecological carrying capacities, or “non‐equilibrium,” with MTEs having a greater accumulation of diversity over time than other types of ecosystems. These models have typically been considered as mutually exclusive. Here, we present a trait‐based explanatory framework that incorporates both equilibrium and non‐equilibrium dynamics. Using a large continental Australian plant radiation (Hakea) as a case study, we identify traits associated with niche partitioning in coexisting species (α‐traits) and with environmental filtering (β‐traits), and reconstruct the mode and relative timing of diversification of these traits. Our results point to a radiation with an early non‐equilibrium phase marked by divergence of β‐traits as Hakea diversified exponentially and expanded from the southwest Australian MTE into biomes across the Australian continent. This was followed from seven million years ago by an equilibrium phase, marked by diversification of α‐traits and a slowdown in lineage diversification as MTE‐niches became saturated. These results suggest that processes consistent with both equilibrium and non‐equilibrium models have been important during different stages of the radiation of Hakea, and together they provide a richer explanation of present‐day diversity patterns.

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“…Several studies have found evidence for elevated diversification rates in MTE regions and clades (Onstein et al. , ; Cowling et al. ; Reyes et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Equilibrium and non‐equilibrium phases in the radiation of Hakea and the drivers of diversity in Mediterranean‐type ecosystems

Skeels

Cardillo

2019

Evolution

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“…pollinator specificity, mutualistic interactions; van der Niet & Johnson, ; Weber & Agrawal, ), effects from extrinsic abiotic conditions (e.g. climate change, biome shift; Moore & Donoghue, ; Hughes & Atchison, ) or combinations of some of the above (Marazzi & Sanderson, ; Onstein et al ., ). An updated review of factors proposed to influence angiosperm speciation and extinction (Vamosi et al ., ) discusses the relevance of changes in floral form, whole genome duplications and biome shifts.…”

Section: Six Key Questionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More likely, different traits and conditions, which may have evolved in different phylogenetic branches, may contribute incrementally to the success of a clade (Donoghue & Sanderson, ). More realistic scenarios that involve synergistic interactions among suites of phenotypic traits alone, or deployed in particular environments, have been considered recently (Vamosi & Vamosi, ; Onstein et al ., ; Spriggs et al ., ; Bouchenak‐Khelladi et al ., ; O'Meara et al ., ). Furthermore, different lineages within a large clade may be characterized by different suites of attributes and conditions that have led to independent diversification increases.…”

Section: Six Key Questionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Key questions and challenges in angiosperm macroevolution

2018

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Contents Summary 1170 I. Introduction 1170 II. Six key questions 1172 III. Three key challenges 1177 IV. Conclusions 1181 Acknowledgements 1182 References 1183 SUMMARY: The origin and rapid diversification of angiosperms (flowering plants) represent one of the most intriguing topics in evolutionary biology. Despite considerable progress made in complementary fields over the last two decades (paleobotany, phylogenetics, ecology, evo-devo, genomics), many important questions remain. For instance, what has been the impact of mass extinctions on angiosperm diversification? Are the angiosperms an adaptive radiation? Has morphological evolution in angiosperms been gradual or pulsed? We propose that the recent and ongoing revolution in macroevolutionary methods provides an unprecedented opportunity to explore long-standing questions that probably hold important clues to understand present-day biodiversity. We present six key questions that explore the origin and diversification of angiosperms. We also identify three key challenges to address these questions: (1) the development of new integrative models that include diversification, multiple intrinsic and environmental traits, biogeography and the fossil record all at once, whilst accounting for sampling bias and heterogeneity of macroevolutionary processes through time and among lineages; (2) the need for large and standardized synthetic databases of morphological variation; and (3) continuous effort on sampling the fossil record, but with a revolution in current paleobotanical practice.

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“…This intricate interplay between diversification rates, extrinsic opportunity and intrinsic trait evolution may be generally applicable to radiations in biodiversity hotspots such as those in the CFR and the SWAFR (Cowling et al, 1996;Onstein et al, 2014;Onstein & Linder, 2016), and could increase our understanding of global diversity patterns when applied to a wider range of clades and regions. This reflects the dependence of functional trait evolution and adaptation on climate change, or conversely, that functional traits allow the colonization of new climatic niches (pre-adaptation).…”

Section: Prerequisites For Radiations In Proteaceaementioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary radiations of Proteaceae are triggered by the interaction between traits and climates in open habitats

Onstein

Jordan

Sauquet

et al. 2016

Global Ecol. Biogeogr.

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Aim Ecologically driven diversification can create spectacular diversity in both species numbers and form. However, the prediction that the match between intrinsic (e.g. functional trait) and extrinsic (e.g. climatic niche) variables may lead to evolutionary radiation has not been critically tested. Here, we test this hypothesis in the Southern Hemisphere plant family Proteaceae, which shows a spectacular diversity in open mediterranean shrublands in the Southwest Australian Floristic Region (SWAFR) and the Cape Floristic Region (CFR). Species in the Proteaceae family occupy habitats ranging from tropical rain forests to deserts and are remarkably variable in leaf morphology. Location Southern Hemisphere. Methods We built a phylogenetic tree for 337 Proteaceae species (21% of the total), representing all main clades, climatic tolerances and morphologies, and collected leaf functional traits (leaf area, sclerophylly, leaf shape) for 261 species and climatic niche data for 1645 species. Phylogenetic generalized least squares regression and quantitative‐trait evolutionary model testing were used to investigate the evolutionary pathways of traits and climatic niches, and their effect on diversification rates. Results We found that divergent selection may have caused lineages in open vegetation types to evolve towards trait and climatic niche optima distinct from those in closed forests. Furthermore, we show that the interaction between open habitats, dry, warm and/or mediterranean climates, and small, sclerophyllous, toothed leaves increases net diversification rates in Proteaceae. Main conclusions Our results suggest that the evolution of specific leaf adaptations may have allowed Proteaceae to adapt to variable climatic niches and diversify extensively in open ecosystems such as those in the CFR and SWAFR. This match between morphology and environment may therefore more generally lead to evolutionary radiation.

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Diversification rate shifts in the Cape Floristic Region: The right traits in the right place at the right time

Cited by 37 publications

References 72 publications

Equilibrium and non‐equilibrium phases in the radiation of Hakea and the drivers of diversity in Mediterranean‐type ecosystems

Equilibrium and non‐equilibrium phases in the radiation of Hakea and the drivers of diversity in Mediterranean‐type ecosystems

Key questions and challenges in angiosperm macroevolution

Evolutionary radiations of Proteaceae are triggered by the interaction between traits and climates in open habitats

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