DIVERSIFICATION OF THE SOUTH AMERICAN AVIFAUNA: PATTERNS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR CONSERVATION IN THE ANDES<sup>1</sup>

Fjeldså, Jon; Irestedt, Martin

doi:10.3417/2007148

Cited by 31 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 94 publications

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“…Concerning the relationship between bird species richness and elevation, a monotonic decline in the species richness with increasing elevation was once considered a general pattern for birds and mammals (Begon et al 1996), but it seems now that a hump-shaped pattern may indeed be more typical (Rahbek 1995;Lomolino 2001;Herzog et al 2005). The peak diversity for Andean birds is typically at the lower slopes of the Andean mountain range (c. 500 m a.s.l., Fjeldså and Irestedt 2009), there is a decrease at intermediate elevations (1000( -1750( m, Herzog et al 2005) that may continue until 4000 m (Fjeldså and Irestedt 2009) or may have a plateau (1750-3250 m, Herzog et al 2005). Finally, there may be local peaks in the montane basins with intermediate humidity, as indicated in Fig.…”

Section: Species Diversity Vs Climatementioning

confidence: 87%

“…The higher plant species richness may offer more resources and niches for birds, increasing the bird species richness. However, this increase is mainly due to widespread species responding mostly to water and energy, and not to the range-restricted ones, whose distributions are better explained by topography and landscape complexity (Rahbek et al 2007), as well as historical persistence of populations in stable places (Fjeldså et al 1999;Fjeldså and Irestedt 2009). Concerning the relationship between bird species richness and elevation, a monotonic decline in the species richness with increasing elevation was once considered a general pattern for birds and mammals (Begon et al 1996), but it seems now that a hump-shaped pattern may indeed be more typical (Rahbek 1995;Lomolino 2001;Herzog et al 2005).…”

Section: Species Diversity Vs Climatementioning

confidence: 99%

“…They are key sources of wood and non-wood products for human use (Smiet 1992;Moraes et al 1995;Molles 2002), they mitigate local climate, are an important source of water for domestic, agricultural, and industrial consumption (Beniston 2003;Buytaert et al 2006), reduce soil erosion, improve soil nutrient status, and they are important biodiversity hotspots (Burgess et al 2007;Menegon et al 2008). It has been suggested that mountain ecosystems could be particularly prone to changes in species composition through global change, with consequences for the ecosystem services (Kräuchi et al 2000;Schroter et al 2005;Williams et al 2007), although it has also been suggested that ''hotspots of endemism'' in tropical mountains may include exceptionally stable local environments (e.g., Fjeldså and Irestedt 2009). For all these reasons mountain forests deserve special attention from ecologists and conservation biologists.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Polylepis woodland remnants as biodiversity islands in the Bolivian high Andes

et al. 2010

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Mountain forests deserve special attention from ecologists and conservation biologists given the ecosystem services they provide to society, and their threat under global change. In the subalpine region of the Andes, Polylepis woodlands occur as arboreal islands in a matrix of grassland and scrub. Due to overgrazing and burning, however, these woodland patches are believed to cover only 11% of their potential area in Bolivia, core area for Polylepis. We reviewed the knowledge on the species diversity for the Bolivian Polylepis woodland remnants, assessed the conservation status of the occurring species, determined their trophic niche, and related species richness with climatic variables and elevation. Based in 31 publications, we found 780 identified species occurring in Polylepis woodlands: 425 plants, 266 birds, 46 mammals, 35 butterflies and 8 reptiles. Ten of the 13 Bolivian Polylepis species, as well as 7 other plant species, 14 bird species and 4 mammal species were categorized as threatened or near threatened according to IUCN criteria. In general, plant species richness increased with increased precipitation and length of the growth season, while it decreased with increasing elevation. There was a positive relationship between bird species richness, precipitation and length of the growth season. The highest bird endemism in Polylepis woodland remnants occurred at intermediate elevations, temperatures and Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (precipitation. Mammal species richness decreased with increasing maximum temperature. Finally, we discuss the most important knowledge gaps regarding biodiversity in Bolivian Polylepis woodland remnants.

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Section: Species Diversity Vs Climatementioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Species Diversity Vs Climatementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Polylepis woodland remnants as biodiversity islands in the Bolivian high Andes

et al. 2010

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“…In both archipelagos, the observed strong positive effect of island area on total species richness and richness of both nonendemics and endemics – as well as the importance of topography for endemics in the West Indies – may be attributable to an array of mechanisms, including greater resources/energy, habitat and climate diversity, topographic heterogeneity, higher potential for speciation, and lower extinction rates on large and mountainous islands (MacArthur and Wilson 1967; Fjeldså et al 1999; Ding et al 2006; Rahbek et al 2007; Kreft et al 2008; Whittaker et al 2008). This may to some extent also reflect the fact that communities on large and mountainous islands can track changing climates vertically (Fjeldså et al 1999; Fjeldså and Irestedt 2009; Sandel et al 2011) and are better protected against environmental disturbance, for instance in the West Indies by providing refugia during hurricanes (Presley and Willig 2008). Area and elevation may therefore be proxies for many factors, including climate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants of bird species richness, endemism, and island network roles in Wallacea and the West Indies: is geography sufficient or does current and historical climate matter?

Dalsgaard

Carstensen

Fjeldså

et al. 2014

Ecology and Evolution

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Island biogeography has greatly contributed to our understanding of the processes determining species' distributions. Previous research has focused on the effects of island geography (i.e., island area, elevation, and isolation) and current climate as drivers of island species richness and endemism. Here, we evaluate the potential additional effects of historical climate on breeding land bird richness and endemism in Wallacea and the West Indies. Furthermore, on the basis of species distributions, we identify island biogeographical network roles and examine their association with geography, current and historical climate, and bird richness/endemism. We found that island geography, especially island area but also isolation and elevation, largely explained the variation in island species richness and endemism. Current and historical climate only added marginally to our understanding of the distribution of species on islands, and this was idiosyncratic to each archipelago. In the West Indies, endemic richness was slightly reduced on islands with historically unstable climates; weak support for the opposite was found in Wallacea. In both archipelagos, large islands with many endemics and situated far from other large islands had high importance for the linkage within modules, indicating that these islands potentially act as speciation pumps and source islands for surrounding smaller islands within the module and, thus, define the biogeographical modules. Large islands situated far from the mainland and/or with a high number of nonendemics acted as links between modules. Additionally, in Wallacea, but not in the West Indies, climatically unstable islands tended to interlink biogeographical modules. The weak and idiosyncratic effect of historical climate on island richness, endemism, and network roles indicates that historical climate had little effects on extinction-immigration dynamics. This is in contrast to the strong effect of historical climate observed on the mainland, possibly because surrounding oceans buffer against strong climate oscillations and because geography is a strong determinant of island richness, endemism and network roles.

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“…Lupinus, Hughes and Eastwood 2006). Speciation among birds in the tropical Andes has also been linked to local conditions and topography (Fjeldsa and Irestedt 2009). Adaptation to different climatic conditions in allopatric or parapatric populations may influence the speciation process, causing phenotypic variance that leads to the evolution of reproductive isolation (Gavrilets 2003).…”

Section: Genetic Mosaic In the Landscapementioning

confidence: 99%

Landscape Genetics of Phaedranassa Herb. (Amaryllidaceae) in Ecuador

Gallo¹,

Helena²

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DIVERSIFICATION OF THE SOUTH AMERICAN AVIFAUNA: PATTERNS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR CONSERVATION IN THE ANDES¹

Cited by 31 publications

References 94 publications

Polylepis woodland remnants as biodiversity islands in the Bolivian high Andes

Polylepis woodland remnants as biodiversity islands in the Bolivian high Andes

Determinants of bird species richness, endemism, and island network roles in Wallacea and the West Indies: is geography sufficient or does current and historical climate matter?

Landscape Genetics of Phaedranassa Herb. (Amaryllidaceae) in Ecuador

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DIVERSIFICATION OF THE SOUTH AMERICAN AVIFAUNA: PATTERNS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR CONSERVATION IN THE ANDES1

Cited by 31 publications

References 94 publications

Polylepis woodland remnants as biodiversity islands in the Bolivian high Andes

Polylepis woodland remnants as biodiversity islands in the Bolivian high Andes

Determinants of bird species richness, endemism, and island network roles in Wallacea and the West Indies: is geography sufficient or does current and historical climate matter?

Landscape Genetics of Phaedranassa Herb. (Amaryllidaceae) in Ecuador

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DIVERSIFICATION OF THE SOUTH AMERICAN AVIFAUNA: PATTERNS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR CONSERVATION IN THE ANDES¹