Diversification of Prochilodus in the eastern Brazilian Shield: Evidence from complete mitochondrial genomes (Teleostei, Prochilodontidae)

Abstract

The Neotropical fish genus Prochilodus includes five species occurring in the main drainages of the eastern Brazilian Shield: P. argenteus, P. costatus, P. lineatus, P. harttii, and P. vimboides. Multi and single locus phylogenies have questioned the monophyly of P. costatus and P. lineatus, and the biogeographic history of these species in the Brazilian Shield has never been explored. We characterized new mitogenomes for these species to reconstruct their evolutionary history, estimated the timing of Prochilodus cladogenesis, and discussed the implications of past geologic events on species diversification. The phylogeny supports the monophyly of both P. costatus and P. lineatus, and indicates a Miocene divergence of P. vimboides, much earlier than subsequent species diversification. The Early Pleistocene split of P. argenteus and P. harttii (~2.1 million years ago—MYA) is hypothesized to be related to recent Quaternary reactivations of the Rio Araçuaí Fault that promoted river captures between the eastern tributaries of the São Francisco basin and the upper Rio Jequitinhonha in the Serra do Espinhaço mountain range. The time‐calibrated phylogeny also indicated a subsequent split of P. costatus and P. lineatus (~1.1 MYA) likely due to Quaternary activities of the Upper Rio São Francisco crustal discontinuity and Estrela Fault that catalyzed river captures between the upper Rio São Francisco and the Rio Grande of the Paraná basin in the Serra da Canastra mountain range. These results provide a temporal context for the diversification of Prochilodus and bring new insights to further study the historical biogeography of other riverine fish groups along the upland basins of the eastern Brazilian Shield.

Ichthyoplankton DNA metabarcoding: Challenges and perspectives

“…However, sequencing several mitogenomes per species to generate intraspecific diversity, important for detecting highly conserved primer sites, might severely increase costs. Despite this, examples of Neotropical fish species with multiple mitogenomes are already available (Santos et al, 2021).…”

Phylogeography of Hypomasticus copelandii (Teleostei, Anostomidae) Reveals Distinct Genetic Lineages along Atlantic Coastal Drainages of Eastern Brazil

“…However, current evidence does not indicate a paleo-connection between the proto-Doce and proto-Paraíba do Sul basins [10]. An alternative hypothesis is that the Neotropical ichthyofauna of the south-southeastern margin of the Brazilian Shield has experienced multiple headwater/river exchange events known as river captures since the Neogene, i.e., after 23 Ma [6,[94][95][96]. Our time-calibrated tree evidenced that the split between H. copelandii from the Northeastern Atlantic Forest (Doce, Mucuri, and Jucuruçu) and Paraíba do Sul ecoregions was dated to the Plio-Pleistocene at around 2.8 Ma (4.2-1.5 Ma, 95% HPD) (Figure 3).…”

Biogeographic reconstruction of the migratory Neotropical fish family Prochilodontidae (Teleostei: Characiformes)

“…Instead, our analysis suggests that river captures associated with the uplift of the Bolivian Altiplano (A 3 ) during the early Miocene (23–15 Ma) facilitated the transition of the ancestor of P . vimboides to the coastal rivers of eastern Brazil (Melo et al, 2016; Santos et al, 2021).…”

“…A Amazon-Paraguay river captures: Carvalho and Albert (2011), Garzione et al (2008), Lundberg et al (1998), Sempere et al (1990) Rinaldi Colli, 2017;Lima & Ribeiro, 2011;Machado et al, 2017;Ribeiro, 2006;Santos et al, 2021). Studies linking distribution, geologic and phylogenetic data have consistently supported these landscape changes as promoters of freshwater fish diversification (Table 1) (Albert et al, , 2018Fontenelle et al, 2021;Machado et al, 2017;Melo, Albert, et al, 2021;Roxo et al, 2014;Vari, 1988).…”