Diverse Roles of Seaweed in the Blue Carbon Economy and Sustainable Development: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

The imperative to replace fossil fuels with renewable fuels, such as marine ecosystem-derived fuel and food, has spurred the development of a blue carbon economic model. Seaweed emerges as a pivotal element in this framework, demonstrating potential as a substantial carbon sink. Seaweed serves multiple purposes, encompassing climate change adaptation and mitigation and contributing to advancing a bioeconomy by reducing dependence on fossil fuels. Seaweed also holds promise as a source of human food, cattle feed, biofuels, renewable feedstocks, and other versatile applications. Numerous contemporary scientific publications, reputable organizations, and business resources offer illuminating insights and fresh perspectives on how seaweed can effectively contribute to the growing blue carbon economy, providing innovative tools for combating long-term climate change. This comprehensive review delves into the multifaceted potential of seaweed, concentrating on its contributions to carbon sequestration, its role as a blue carbon precursor, and the carbon-neutralization capabilities of both wild seaweeds and seaweed farming. Moreover, it explores the specific role of seaweed in the blue carbon economy, mainly as cattle feed in ruminant diets. In addition, seaweed cultivation has the potential to mitigate global climate change, promote economic development, and support sustainable livelihoods, offering a versatile solution to address pressing environmental and socioeconomic challenges.

Seaweed Proteins: A Step towards Sustainability?

“…For instance, the availability of essential nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus directly impacts seaweed growth and protein synthesis. Cultivation methods, such as integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA), where seaweed is grown alongside other marine organisms like shellfish, can enhance nutrient availability and thus increase protein content [ 13 , 29 ].…”

“…By leveraging seaweed cultivation as a means of protein production, nations can reduce pressure on terrestrial ecosystems, preserve biodiversity, and promote resilience in the face of climate change. Moreover, the cultivation of seaweed can create employment opportunities and support livelihoods in coastal communities, contributing to economic development and poverty alleviation [ 13 ].…”