Diverse norovirus genotypes identified in sewage-polluted river water in South Africa

Mans, Janet; Netshikweta, Rembuluwani; Magwalivha, Mpho; Zyl, Walda B. van; Taylor, Maureen B.

doi:10.1017/s0950268812000490

Cited by 51 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Viruses were recovered from the river water samples using a glass wool adsorption-elution technique based on the method Vilaginès et al (1993) and as described by Mans et al (2013).…”

Section: Sample Processing and Virus Recoverymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Briefly, the capsid gene of NoV was amplified using a semi-nested RT-PCR as described by Mans et al (2013). Primer details are shown in Table 1 Initial denaturation at 95°C for 10 min was followed by 45 cycles of denaturation at 94°C for 30 s; annealing at 50°C for 30 s; and extension at 72°C for 40 s, with a final extension step at 72°C for 10 min.…”

Section: Viral Characterisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Africa, the prevalence of NoVs has been investigated in both clinical (Mans et al 2010(Mans et al , 2014Hassine-Zaafrane et al 2013;Huynen et al 2013;) and environmental settings (Kamel et al 2010;Kiulia et al 2010;Sdiri-Loulizi et al 2010;Gibson 2011;Mans et al 2013;Murray et al 2013). Noroviruses have also been detected in shellfish collected along the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Coast of Morocco (Benabbes et al 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Norovirus GII.17 Predominates in Selected Surface Water Sources in Kenya

et al. 2014

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In this study the prevalence and genotypes of NoVs in selected water sources from rural, urban and refugee settings in Kenya was investigated. Ten liters each of river, household and borehole water were collected in rural (Mboone river), urban (Nairobi and Mutoine river), and refugee (Dadaab refugee camp) settings. Noroviruses were recovered from the water samples by a glass wool adsorption-elution technique and/or PEG/NaCl precipitation.Nucleic acid was extracted using the automated MagNA Pure platform. Noroviruses were detected with singleplex real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assays and characterised by nucleotide sequence analysis. Noroviruses were detected in 63% (25/40) of the selected water samples comprising GII (42.5%), GI (2.5%) and mixed GI/GII (17.5%) positive samples. The prevalence of NoVs in the Mutoine river (urban area) was higher than in the Mboone river (rural area) (P=0.0013). Norovirus GI.1, GI.3, GI.9, GII.4, GII.6, GII.12, GII.16 and GII.17 were identified, with GII.17 accounting for 76% (16/21) of the typed strains. The NoV GII.17 predominance differs to other studies in Africa and further surveillance of NoVs in clinical and environmental settings is required to clarify/elucidate this observation. As information regarding NoVs in Kenyan water sources is limited this report provides valuable new data on NoV genotypes circulating in environmental water sources and the surrounding communities in Kenya.

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“…Viruses were recovered from the river water samples using a glass wool adsorption-elution technique based on the method Vilaginès et al (1993) and as described by Mans et al (2013).…”

Section: Sample Processing and Virus Recoverymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Viral Characterisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Norovirus GII.17 Predominates in Selected Surface Water Sources in Kenya

et al. 2014

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“…Norovirus belonging to GI are significantly more likely to have been transmitted via water than by other routes of transmission, and are therefore thought to be more stable in water than GII strains. Noroviruses have been detected in a wide range of water environments such as sewages, municipal water, rivers, recreational waters, and groundwater throughout the world [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30].…”

Section: Viral Pathogens Transmitted Through Water Norovirusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging and potentially emerging viruses in water environments

Rosa

Fratini

Libera

et al. 2012

Annali Dell'Istituto Superiore Di Sanità

111

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Abstract. Among microorganisms, viruses are best fit to become emerging pathogens since they are able to adapt not only by mutation but also through recombination and reassortment and can thus become able to infect new hosts and to adjust to new environments. Enteric viruses are among the commonest and most hazardous waterborne pathogens, causing both sporadic and outbreak-related illness. The main health effect associated with enteric viruses is gastrointestinal illness, but they can also cause respiratory symptoms, conjunctivitis, hepatitis, central nervous system infections, and chronic diseases. Non-enteric viruses, such as respiratory and epitheliotrophic viruses are not considered waterborne, as they are not readily transmitted to water sources from infected individuals. The present review will focus on viral pathogens shown to be transmitted through water. It will also provide an overview of viruses that had not been a concern for waterborne transmission in the past, but that may represent potentially emerging waterborne pathogens due to their occurrence and persistence in water environments.Key words: viruses, waterborne, emerging, drinking water, recreational water. Riassunto (Infezioni emergenti e potenzialmente emergenti in ambienti acquatici).I virus sono tra i principali agenti di infezioni emergenti, in quanto sono in grado di acquisire nuove caratteristiche biologiche attraverso fenomeni di mutazione, ricombinazione e riassortimento genico, adattandosi così a nuovi ospiti e nuove nicchie ecologiche. I virus enterici sono tra le principali cause di malattie infettive di origine idrica, che possono manifestarsi come casi sporadici o cluster epidemici. Le manifestazioni cliniche più comuni sono le gastroenteriti; tuttavia i virus enterici sono in grado di causare anche sintomi respiratori, congiuntiviti, epatiti, infezioni del sistema nervoso centrale e malattie croniche. La presente rassegna fornisce una panoramica dei virus enterici tradizionalmente associati alle malattie idrotrasmesse; mostra inoltre dati epidemiologici su alcuni gruppi di virus che non sono stati associati a malattie idrodiffuse in passato (inclusi virus respiratori ed epiteliotropici), ma che possono rappresentare nuovi patogeni emergenti a causa della loro presenza e persistenza in ambienti acquatici.Parole chiave: virus, malattie idrotrasmesse, patogeni emergenti, acque potabili, acque ricreative.

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“…Though the first documented NoV outbreaks in South Africa were described as early as 1993, the current NoV prevalence and circulating genotypes are unknown due to lack of NoV outbreak reporting systems (Mans et al, 2010). However, work done by Mans et al (2013) shows that NoVs are still widely distributed in sewage-polluted river water in South Africa.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Real-time PCR quantitative assessment of hepatitis A virus, rotaviruses and enteroviruses in the Tyume River located in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

Sibanda¹,

Okoh²

2013

WSA

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We applied real-time RT-PCR (reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction) to assess the incidence of hepatitis A virus, rotaviruses and enteroviruses in the Tyume River, an important water resource in the impoverished Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Detection of noroviruses was done using conventional semi-nested RT-PCR. Water samples were collected once monthly from 6 sampling sites over a 12-month period starting in August 2010 and ending in July 2011. Hepatitis A virus was detected in 13% of the samples in concentrations ranging between 1.67×10 3 genome copies/ℓ and 1.64×10 4 genome copies/ℓ while rotaviruses were detected in 4% of the samples with concentrations ranging from 9×10 1 genome copies/ℓ to 5.64×10 3 genome copies/ℓ. Enteroviruses were not detected in any of the samples, while noroviruses were detected in 4% of the samples. All hepatitis A and rotaviruses positive samples were from the upstream sections of Tyume River while noroviruses were detected in samples from downstream sections only. Statistical analysis showed that occurrence of the viruses in Tyume River was sporadic. Risk analysis showed that hepatitis A virus posed greater risk than rotaviruses for both recreational and domestic water uses. Because of the low infectious dose of enteric viruses, the detection of even low concentrations of hepatitis A virus, rotaviruses and noroviruses in surface water poses a significant risk to public health.

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Diverse norovirus genotypes identified in sewage-polluted river water in South Africa

Cited by 51 publications

References 33 publications

Norovirus GII.17 Predominates in Selected Surface Water Sources in Kenya

Norovirus GII.17 Predominates in Selected Surface Water Sources in Kenya

Emerging and potentially emerging viruses in water environments

Real-time PCR quantitative assessment of hepatitis A virus, rotaviruses and enteroviruses in the Tyume River located in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

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