Diverse HIV-1 genetic subtypes in UK

HIV‐1 Subtype Diversity in Minnesota

“…A similar pattern of the introduction and establishment of novel HIV-1 subtypes has been observed in many western European countries, particularly those with less restrictive immigration policies (in contrast to countries such as England and France, the United States does not generally permit persons with HIV infection to immigrate) and/or former colonies in sub-Saharan Africa [39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53]. For example, after the first description in 1995 of non-B HIV-1 subtypes in the United Kingdom among persons with epidemiologic links to sub-Saharan Africa [54], a national effort to monitor the genetic diversity of the epidemic was proposed in 1996 [55]. Subsequent reports documented considerable variation and a high prevalence of non-subtype B HIV-1 strains; in 1998, non-B subtypes were estimated to account for 27% of prevalent HIV infections in the United Kingdom, were not limited to infections acquired abroad or to particular immigrant populations, and were almost exclusively associated with heterosexual exposure [39,56].…”

Genetic Subtypes, Humoral Immunity, and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vaccine Development

“…In China, intersubtype recombinants between subtypes C and B are becoming common (112). Of course, as HIV-1 continues to spread globally, the geographical restrictions are increasingly breaking down; many European countries, for example, have residents infected with multiple genetic subtypes (21,26,46,84).…”

The Distribution of HIV‐1 Subtypes in Fukuoka, Japan

“…If peptide inhibition ELISA had not been conducted, 20 samples would have remained untypable. Some samples that were untypable by previously described methods (4,5) could be serotyped by peptide ELISA, including a competitive assay employed in this study (data not shown). Therefore, to determine the serotypes of more samples, it may also be necessary to conduct competitive ELISA .…”