Divergent Approaches to Virulence in C. albicans and C. glabrata: Two Sides of the Same Coin

Galocha, Mónica; Pais, Pedro; Cavalheiro, Mafalda; Pereira, Diana; Viana, Romeu; Teixeira, Miguel C.

doi:10.3390/ijms20092345

Cited by 65 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 226 publications

(322 reference statements)

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“…Several pathogenic virulence factors are encoded by C. albicans genes and assist the fungus to invade the host tissues leading to infections. Among these virulence factors are the capacity of C. albicans to change from the budding yeast form to filamentous form, the expression of adhesion factors, the ability to form biofilm and the secretion of hydrolytic enzymes [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of Antifungal Susceptibility, Virulence Genes and Biofilm Formation in Candida albicans

Shrief¹,

Zaki²,

El-Sehsah³

et al. 2019

TOMICROJ

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Background: Candida albicans has emerged as an important nosocomial pathogen. The morbidity and mortality associated with this pathogen are related to the presence of virulence genes and antifungal resistance. The objective of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of antifungal resistance, biofilm formation and some virulence genes such as ALS1, PLB1, INT1, SAP1 and HWP1, among clinical isolates of Candida albicans recovered from immunocompromised patients. Methods: The study included one hundred C. albicans isolates identified phenotypically and by a molecular technique using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The identified C. albicans was further subjected to antifungal study by the microdilution method, biofilm study and molecular study for virulence genes by PCR. Results: The resistance to antifungal drugs, fluconazole, caspofungin and itraconazole was 8% for each of them and for amphotericin B, it was 9%. The prevalence of the studied virulence genes was HWP1 77%, INT1 72%, ALS1 65%, SAP1 65% and PLB1 52%. The biofilm capacity was identified by the microplate method in 58% of C. albicans. The OD was intense in 20 isolates, moderate in 21 isolates and mild in 17 isolates. There was a statistically significant increase in the prevalence of the studied virulence genes INT1, ALS1, HWP1, SAP1 and PLB1 among biofilm forming C. albicans as compared to non-biofilm forming isolates (P=0.0001). Additionally, the resistance to fluconazole, itraconazole and caspofungin was statistically, significantly higher in C. albicans with the capacity to form biofilm as compared to non-biofilm forming C. albicans. Conclusion: The present study highlights the prevalence of resistance to antifungal drugs among C. albicans which are not uncommon. Moreover, there was a high prevalence of INT1, ALS1, HWP1, SAP1 and PLB1 genes in C. albicans. The resistance to antifungal drugs was common among isolates with the capacity to form the biofilm. There was an association between the biofilm formation and virulence genes.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of Antifungal Susceptibility, Virulence Genes and Biofilm Formation in Candida albicans

Shrief¹,

Zaki²,

El-Sehsah³

et al. 2019

TOMICROJ

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“…C. glabrata accounts for 10%-35% of Candida bloodstream infections, based on the geographical distribution [75][76][77][78][79]. C. albicans is a diploid organism, with key virulence traits of activity of secreted proteases, mating, morphological and colony switching and biofilm formation [80][81][82]. Contrarily, C. glabrata is haploid in nature, and phylogenetically more closely related to S. cerevisiae than to C. albicans [83,84].…”

Section: Sumoylation In Candida Albicans and Candida Glabratamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Contrarily, C. glabrata is haploid in nature, and phylogenetically more closely related to S. cerevisiae than to C. albicans [83,84]. Intriguingly, C. glabrata neither secretes aspartyl proteases nor switches between yeast and hyphal forms, the two major attributes that allow fungal pathogens to establish successful infections [81,82,85,86]. The major virulence factors of C. glabrata include multigene families encoding at least seventeen cell surface epithelial adhesins (EPA) and eleven glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked aspartyl proteases [85][86][87].…”

Section: Sumoylation In Candida Albicans and Candida Glabratamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, C. glabrata possesses a unique ability to survive high levels of diverse stresses and proliferate in host macrophages without causing any harm to macrophage cells [86,88,89]. Despite these differences, C. glabrata and C. albicans share many virulence traits, including biofilm formation, metabolic plasticity and colony switching [81,82,85,86]. The post-translational modifications, including phosphorylation and glycosylation, have been implicated in the virulence of human fungal pathogens, including Candida spp.…”

Section: Sumoylation In Candida Albicans and Candida Glabratamentioning

confidence: 99%

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SUMOylation in Human Pathogenic Fungi: Role in Physiology and Virulence

Sahu

Patra

Kumar

et al. 2020

JoF

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The small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) protein is an important component of the post-translational protein modification systems in eukaryotic cells. It is known to modify hundreds of proteins involved in diverse cellular processes, ranging from nuclear pore dynamics to signal transduction pathways. Owing to its reversible nature, the SUMO-conjugation of proteins (SUMOylation) holds a prominent place among mechanisms that regulate the functions of a wide array of cellular proteins. The dysfunctional SUMOylation system has been associated with many human diseases, including neurodegenerative and autoimmune disorders. Furthermore, the non-pathogenic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has served as an excellent model to advance our understanding of enzymes involved in SUMOylation and proteins modified by SUMOylation. Taking advantage of the tools and knowledge obtained from the S. cerevisiae SUMOylation system, research on fungal SUMOylation is beginning to gather pace, and new insights into the role of SUMOylation in the pathobiology of medically important fungi are emerging. Here, we summarize the known information on components of the SUMOylation machinery, and consequences of overexpression or deletion of these components in the human pathogenic fungi, with major focus on two prevalent Candida bloodstream pathogens, C. albicans and C. glabrata. Additionally, we have identified SUMOylation components, through in silico analysis, in four medically relevant fungi, and compared their sequence similarity with S. cerevisiae counterparts. SUMOylation modulates the virulence of C. albicans and C. glabrata, while it is required for conidia production in Aspergillus nidulans and A. flavus. In addition to highlighting these recent developments, we discuss how SUMOylation fine tunes the expression of virulence factors, and influences survival of fungal cells under diverse stresses in vitro and in the mammalian host.

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“…Fungal infections are another major cause of morbidity/mortality worldwide, with invasive fungal disease by members of the Candida genus the most common fungal infections in developed countries [6]. Presently available antifungal drug classes are few and some with high toxicity [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antifungal, Antitumoral and Antioxidant Potential of the Danube Delta Nymphaea alba Extracts

et al. 2019

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This study aimed to explore for the first time the biological properties such as antifungal, antitumoral and antioxidant of Danube Delta Nymphaea alba (N. alba) leaf and root methanolic extracts. The toxicity studies of N. alba extracts showed no inhibitory effect on wheat seed germination by evaluating the most sensitive physiological parameters (Germination %, Germination index, Vigor index) and using confocal laser scanning microscopy images. The analyzed extracts were found to have high antifungal activity against Candida glabrata with MIC values of 1.717 µg/mL for leaf and 1.935 µg/mL for root. The antitumor activity of the both extracts against A2780/A2780cisR ovarian, LNCaP prostate and MCF-7 breast cancer cells was promising with IC50 values ranging from 23–274 µg/mL for leaf and 18–152 µg/mL for root, and the combination of N. alba extracts with cisplatin showed a synergistic effect (coefficient of drug interaction <1). The antioxidant properties were assessed by β-carotene bleaching, ABTS and FRAP assays and cyclic voltammetry. Quercetin, the most prominent antioxidant, was quantified in very good yields by spectroelectrochemical assay.

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Divergent Approaches to Virulence in C. albicans and C. glabrata: Two Sides of the Same Coin

Cited by 65 publications

References 226 publications

Study of Antifungal Susceptibility, Virulence Genes and Biofilm Formation in Candida albicans

Study of Antifungal Susceptibility, Virulence Genes and Biofilm Formation in Candida albicans

SUMOylation in Human Pathogenic Fungi: Role in Physiology and Virulence

Antifungal, Antitumoral and Antioxidant Potential of the Danube Delta Nymphaea alba Extracts

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