Divergence of Mitochondrial Dna Is Not Corroborated by Nuclear Dna, Morphology, or Behavior in Drosophila Simulans

Ballard, J. William O.; Chernoff, Barry; James, Andrew

doi:10.1554/0014-3820(2002)056[0527:domdin]2.0.co;2

Cited by 49 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 101 publications

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“…This horizontal spread of an infectious organism throughout a group is another source of discrepancy between mtDNA-based and nuclear gene-based phylogenies. In Drosophila simulans, for example, the genealogy of mtDNA reflects the spread of Wolbachia rather than the relatedness of populations as assessed by nuclear DNA (Ballard et al 2002). Similarly, cytoplasmic male sterility in plants can be caused by genes in mitochondria, and can spread rapidly via selection, dragging both mitochondrial and chloroplast genes along with it (Olson and McCauley 2000).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, D. mauritiana and D. simulans share polymorphisms at many loci, and are not genealogical species under even the 50% criterion. Nevertheless, they have been genetically isolated for roughly 250,000 years, have diverged in several morphological traits, and show multiple forms of reproductive isolation (Coyne 1983(Coyne , 1984Price 1997;Kliman et al 2000;Ballard et al 2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mathematical Consequences of the Genealogical Species Concept

2002

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Abstract.A genealogical species is defined as a basal group of organisms whose members are all more closely related to each other than they are to any organisms outside the group (''exclusivity''), and which contains no exclusive group within it. In practice, a pair of species is so defined when phylogenies of alleles from a sample of loci shows them to be reciprocally monophyletic at all or some specified fraction of the loci. We investigate the length of time it takes to attain this status when an ancestral population divides into two descendant populations of equal size with no gene exchange, and when genetic drift and mutation are the only evolutionary forces operating. The number of loci used has a substantial effect on the probability of observing reciprocal monophyly at different times after population separation, with very long times needed to observe complete reciprocal monophyly for a large number of loci. In contrast, the number of alleles sampled per locus has a relatively small effect on the probability of reciprocal monophyly. Because a single mitochondrial or chloroplast locus becomes reciprocally monophyletic much faster than does a single nuclear locus, it is not advisable to use mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA to recognize genealogical species for long periods after population divergence. Using a weaker criterion of assigning genealogical species status when more than 50% of sampled nuclear loci show reciprocal monophyly, genealogical species status depends much less on the number of sampled loci, and is attained at roughly 4-7 N generations after populations are isolated, where N is the historically effective population size of each descendant. If genealogical species status is defined as more than 95% of sampled nuclear loci showing reciprocal monophyly, this status is attained after roughly 9-12 N generations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mathematical Consequences of the Genealogical Species Concept

2002

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“…Microbes possess relatively few phenotypic characters, making nucleic acid characters attractive, and microbial genomes are typically haploid with few gene families, making it easier to find useful nuclear genes. However, in animals, too, the use of multiple nuclear markers as well as mitochondrial markers now is routine as demonstrated by recent studies of Drosophila (Ballard et al 2002;Kopp and Barmina 2005) and Hemiptera (Abe et al 2005), which show that nuclear and mitochondrial genes may support conflicting results. Nor is the use of PSR-GSC restricted to small animals, for example, a recent study of right whales found cryptic species, and in this case nuclear and mitochondrial genes were in agreement (Gaines et al 2005).…”

Section: Cryptic Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptic Speciation in the Cosmopolitan and Clonal Human Pathogenic Fungus Aspergillus Fumigatus

Pringle

Baker

Platt

et al. 2005

Evol

122

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Microbes and other organisms smaller than one to a few millimeters in size are hypothesized to have global populations, in contrast to the geographically restricted ranges of larger organisms. However, fungi, which routinely have reproductive propagules no larger than 10 micrometers, challenge the generality of this hypothesis because recent studies have shown that globally distributed morphological species embrace two or more geographically restricted phylogenetic species. We used the concordance of gene genealogies to recognize phylogenetic species in the globally distributed opportunistic human pathogenic fungus, Aspergillus fumigatus. Based on DNA sequence data of five loci for each of 63 individuals collected from five continents, we have delineated two phylogenetic species in this single morphological species. Unlike all other fungi examined to date, both genetically isolated groups showed a global distribution with no evidence of a correlation between genotype and geographic location. Sexual reproduction has never been observed in A. fumigatus, but when the same data were used to explore the association of alleles at the five loci for one of the phylogenetic species, evidence was found to support recombination. The discovery of a cryptic species is medically relevant because different species are likely to differ in virulence or drug resistance. The discovery of a globally distributed A. fumigatus species clade highlights the need for ecological studies of the fungus to either document global dispersal or propose alternative mechanisms by which it persists as single, global phylogenetic population.

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“…In this study we used patterns in the geographical and genealogical structuring of mtDNA variation to make inferences about population history. These inferences are contingent upon the selective neutrality of mtDNA variation, an hypothesis that must be tested, particularly if patterns of mtDNA variation are apparently extreme (see Ballard et al . 2002).…”

Section: Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genealogical exclusivity in geographically proximate populations of Hypochilus thorelli Marx (Araneae, Hypochilidae) on the Cumberland Plateau of North America

Hedin

Wood

2002

Molecular Ecology

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The issue of sampling sufficiency is too infrequently explored in phylogeographical analysis, despite both theoretical work and analytical methods that stress the importance of sampling effort. Regarding the evolutionary pattern of reciprocal monophyly, both the probability of recovering this pattern and the possible inferences derived from this pattern, are highly contingent upon the density and geographical scale of sampling. Here, we present an empirical example that relates directly to this issue. We analyse genetic structure in the southern Appalachian spider Hypochilus thorelli, using an average sample of 5 mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences per location for 19 locations. All sampled sites are reciprocally monophyletic for mtDNA variation, even when separated by geographical distances as small as 5 km. For populations separated by greater geographical distances of 20-50 km, mtDNA sequences are not only exclusive, but are also highly divergent (uncorrected p-distances exceeding 5%). Although these extreme genealogical patterns are most seemingly consistent with a complete isolation model, both a coalescent method and nested cladistic analysis suggest that other restricted, but nonzero, gene flow models may also apply. Hypochilus thorelli appears to have maintained morphological cohesion despite this limited female-based gene flow, suggesting a pattern of stasis similar to that observed at higher taxonomic levels in Hypochilus.

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Divergence of Mitochondrial Dna Is Not Corroborated by Nuclear Dna, Morphology, or Behavior in Drosophila Simulans

Cited by 49 publications

References 101 publications

Mathematical Consequences of the Genealogical Species Concept

Mathematical Consequences of the Genealogical Species Concept

Cryptic Speciation in the Cosmopolitan and Clonal Human Pathogenic Fungus Aspergillus Fumigatus

Genealogical exclusivity in geographically proximate populations of Hypochilus thorelli Marx (Araneae, Hypochilidae) on the Cumberland Plateau of North America

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