“…Generally, willingness predicts and leads to the realization of the corresponding actual behavior of an individual; however, many previous studies have confirmed that there is a deviation between willingness and behavior in real life, such as in commodity consumption , services purchases (Qu et al, 2022), e-commerce adoption (Li et al, 2020), and land transfer (Zhang et al, 2020a). This deviation has been further identified in the field of pro-environmental behaviors such as green consumption (Rausch and Kopplin, 2021;Wang et al, 2021;Ma et al, 2022;Qiu et al, 2022), green agriculture (Guo et al, 2021;Li et al, 2021), garbage classification (Kuang and Lin, 2021;Zhang et al, 2022;Zhou et al, 2022), bird conservation donation (Eylering et al, 2022), and renewable energy development support (Fang et al, 2021).…”