Diuron metabolites and urothelial cytotoxicity: In vivo, in vitro and molecular approaches

Microorganism-decorated nanocellulose for efficient diuron removal

“…Initially, the aromatic ring of diuron is dechlorinated and oxidized, sequentially forming 3-(3-chloro-4hydroxyphenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea and N,N-dimethyl-N-phenylurea. Furthermore, diuron is decomposed by methyl oxidation and demethylation, followed by the cleavage of the C-N bond to produce its major metabolite 3,4-DCA, which agrees well with previous studies on the biotic degradation of diuron [11,41]. Additionally, various fragments having small molecular masses were detected in the LC-MS/MS analysis, which implied that the aforementioned metabolites could eventually break down into compounds with simple structures that may impose less toxicity to the environment.…”

Embryonic toxicity of 3,4-dichloroaniline (3,4-DCA) on Javanese medaka (Oryzias javanicus Bleeker, 1854)

“…Concentrations of up to 567 μg.L −1 had been detected around the world in different environments [ 4 , 9 ]. 3,4-DCA was three folds more toxic as compared to diuron in causing aneuploidy [ 10 , 11 ] and urothelial toxicity [ 11 , 12 ] in human cells. In rats, it caused kidney, liver and urinary bladder impairment [ 13 ].…”

Comparative genomic analysis of isoproturon‐mineralizing sphingomonads reveals the isoproturon catabolic mechanism

“…The phenylurea herbicide (PUH) family, first discovered and marketed in the mid-20th century, is one of the most important and extensively used herbicides in different regions of the world, including China, Europe and the United States (Fabbri et al, 2015). Ecotoxicological data have suggested that PUHs and their intermediates including aniline derivatives are harmful to animals, plants, aquatic invertebrates, algae and microbes, in addition to humans (Oturan et al, 2008;Mosleh, 2009;Da Rocha et al, 2013). Isoproturon (IPU), first released in 1972, is the most extensively used PUH in conventional agriculture particularly in Europe and China.…”