Diurnality in the defensive behaviour of African honeybees Apis mellifera adansonii and implications for their potential efficacy in beehive fences

Abstract

Across the range of African elephants Loxodonta spp., negative interactions with people are prevalent, and the impact of the resulting economic losses on farmers calls for solutions. The use of beehive fences, a mitigation method with ecological and socio-economic benefits, is gaining momentum in African savannah landscapes. We assessed the diurnal and nocturnal defensive behaviours of African honeybees Apis mellifera adansonii in response to visual and physical disturbances in the Campo–Ma'an conservation area, Cameroon. We examined six bee colonies, assessing their activity level, aggressive behaviour and ability to defend themselves when disturbed at different times of day. We found that activity levels varied between colonies and that colonies were more active during the day and inactive at night. The defensive perimeter around the hives also varied between the colonies and was generally greater during morning and evening periods. Bee colonies did not defend their hives around midday and at night. In response to a threat, bees were more likely to fly out from the hive during daytime than at night, with variation amongst colonies. Overall, as elephant intrusions occur mostly at night, beehive fences alone may not be an adequate mitigation method against crop damage caused by forest elephants Loxodonta cyclotis. We suggest combining beehive fences with other mitigation methods to improve crop protection.

Honey Bee Colonies (Apis mellifera L.) Perform Orientation Defensiveness That Varies among Bred Lines

“…Honey bee stings are well known to deter a wide range of intruders (predators) around honeybee colonies. Using Apis mellifera in beehive fences [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ] is even known to be a successful means of managing crop raiding by elephants [ 13 , 17 ].…”

From conflict to coexistence: the challenges of the expanding human–wildlife interface

“…Innovative tools to investigate human–wildlife conflict are being developed, such as scanning news stories to understand human–tiger interactions in Indonesia (Neo et al, 2023). But Djoko et al (2023) alert us to the potential ineffectiveness of the relatively new technique of deploying diurnal bees to deter largely nocturnal elephants from entering crops.…”