Diurnal Variation in Oral Glucose Tolerance: Blood Sugar and Plasma Insulin Levels Morning, Afternoon, and Evening

Jarrett, R. J.; Baker, Ian; Keen, H.; Oakley, N. W.

doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5794.199

Cited by 149 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The known rhythm pattern in glucose and/or insulin values observed in men by several investigators using such stimuli of insulin secretion as meals [3,4,5] oral [1,9,13] or intravenous [13] glucose loads, and tolbutamide [2,13], has not received clear cut explanations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sex related diurnal variations in venous blood glucose and plasma insulin levels effects of estrogens in men

et al. 1974

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Summary. Significant sex differences were observed in 24 young lean men and women submitted to two mixed isocMorie meals (880 KcM; protein 40 g; carbohydrate 90 g; fat 40 g;) at 8.15 AM and 12.45 PM. After an overnight fast venous blood glucose levels were lower in women than in men. Plasma insulin responses were lower after the afternoon meal than after the morning one in men bu~ not in women. Thus women did not present the well known cycle of insulin secretion described in men. Estradiol benzoate, 10 mg per day given intra-muscularly for eight days in six men who served as their own control, lowered fasting venous blood glucose levels and enhanced post prandial plasma insulin levels after the morning and the afternoon meal as well. It is suggested that the sex related differences in venous blood glucose and plasma insulin patterns may be due in part to estrogens.Key words: Blood glucose, plasma insulin, meals, diurnal patterns, estrogens.Diurnal and circadian changes in blood glucose and plasma insulin levels have been described in man by several authors [1--13]. The insulin secretion induced by oral glucose [1,6,7, 11,13], tolbutamide [2,13] or isoealorie meals [3,5] was more pronounced in the morning than in the afternoon. Blood glucose levels were lower in the morning than in the afternoon in response to various stimuli [1, 2, 6, 7, 9--13], but not after meals [3].After 3 and 4 days of total fast, plasma insulin levels were higher in the morning than in the afternoon in normal young men [1r These studies were done mainly or only in men.In male rats a daily rhythm of plasma glucose and insulin levels [15] and a diurnal cycle in the pancreatic beta and alpha 2 cells nuclear size [16] were described.The possibility that the circadian variations observed in blood glucose and plasma insulin levels might be sex-related has not been studied until now. However sex-related differences have been observed in substrate and hormone studies. Women responded more than men to several stimuli of Growth Hormone (GH) secretion [17]. Merimee and Fineberg have recently shown [18] that in fasting women venous blood glucose levels decrease more than in fasting men, without significant differences in plasma insulin levels. In rats blood glucose levels were higher fasting in females than in males [19]. Estrogen administration enhanced GI-I secretion in men [17,20], insulin secretion in the rat [21--23] and lowered the post absorptive blood glucose levels in men [17].The aim of this study was to compare the diurnal changes of venous glucose and plasma insulin values in men and women submitted, after an overnight fast, to two identical meals at 8.15 A?r and 12.45 PM. Some men were reinvestigated after parenterM estradiol benzoate administration.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The insulin secretion induced by oral glucose [1,6,7, 11,13], tolbutamide [2,13] or isoealorie meals [3,5] was more pronounced in the morning than in the afternoon. Blood glucose levels were lower in the morning than in the afternoon in response to various stimuli [1, 2, 6, 7, 9--13], but not after meals [3].…”

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confidence: 96%

Sex related diurnal variations in venous blood glucose and plasma insulin levels effects of estrogens in men

et al. 1974

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“…In addition to daily rhythms in feeding behaviour, daily rhythms in glucose metabolism have also been described in both human subjects and rodents. Blood glucose concentrations and glucose tolerance fluctuate over the day/night cycle with a peak in circulating glucose shortly before awakening, just before the active period (40,41) . In rodents, this rhythm is independent of food intake (42,43) , depends on an intact SCN (42,44) , and has a 12 h difference between nocturnal and diurnal species.…”

Section: Suprachiasmatic Nuclei Regulates Food Intake and Glucose Metmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In rodents, this rhythm is independent of food intake (42,43) , depends on an intact SCN (42,44) , and has a 12 h difference between nocturnal and diurnal species. In addition, in healthy human subjects, glucose tolerance possesses a diurnal variation, with lower glucose tolerance in the afternoon compared with the morning (40,45,46) . This effect has been explained by the diurnal variation in insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion (45,47,48) with insulin sensitivity of peripheral tissues and insulin secretion both reduced in the evening (40) .…”

Section: Suprachiasmatic Nuclei Regulates Food Intake and Glucose Metmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, in healthy human subjects, glucose tolerance possesses a diurnal variation, with lower glucose tolerance in the afternoon compared with the morning (40,45,46) . This effect has been explained by the diurnal variation in insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion (45,47,48) with insulin sensitivity of peripheral tissues and insulin secretion both reduced in the evening (40) . To generate these daily rhythms in glucose metabolism, the SCN influences both the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and secretion of glucoregulatory hormones.…”

Section: Suprachiasmatic Nuclei Regulates Food Intake and Glucose Metmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nutrition in the spotlight: metabolic effects of environmental light

et al. 2016

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Use of artificial light resulted in relative independence from the natural light-dark (LD) cycle, allowing human subjects to shift the timing of food intake and work to convenient times. However, the increase in artificial light exposure parallels the increase in obesity prevalence. Light is the dominant Zeitgeber for the central circadian clock, which resides within the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus, and coordinates daily rhythm in feeding behaviour and metabolism. Eating during inappropriate light conditions may result in metabolic disease via changes in the biological clock. In this review, we describe the physiological role of light in the circadian timing system and explore the interaction between the circadian timing system and metabolism. Furthermore, we discuss the acute and chronic effects of artificial light exposure on food intake and energy metabolism in animals and human subjects. We propose that living in synchrony with the natural daily LD cycle promotes metabolic health and increased exposure to artificial light at inappropriate times of day has adverse effects on metabolism, feeding behaviour and body weight regulation. Reducing the negative side effects of the extensive use of artificial light in human subjects might be useful in the prevention of metabolic disease.Artificial light: Circadian: Glucose metabolism: Obesity Changes in artificial light exposureObesity is an increasing health problem and is associated with the development of type 2 diabetes and CVD (1) . The pathophysiology of obesity is multifactorial, with the major contributions from overconsumption of highenergy highly palatable food and an inactive lifestyle (2) . One modern environmental factor that contributes to changes in eating behaviour is the widespread use of artificial light. The relative independence from the natural light-dark (LD) cycle, allows people to eat and engage in activities until late in the evening and at night. Artificial light has also led to an increase in nighttime sky glow and to the transformation of nightscapes. More than 99% of the US and EU population, and about two-thirds of the world population lives in areas where the night sky is illuminated above the threshold for light pollution (artificial sky brightness greater than 10% of the natural night sky brightness above 45°eleva-tion). Moreover, satellite data show that 70% of the US population and 50% of the European population can no longer see the Milky Way, even under the best conditions (3) . Cinzano et al. (3) calculated that only 40% of Americans live in a location where it becomes sufficiently dark at night for the human eye to make a complete transition from cone to rod vision. Despite the benefits for

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Acute Suggestibility in Police Interrogation

Davis

Leo

2012

Suggestibility in Legal Contexts

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Diurnal Variation in Oral Glucose Tolerance: Blood Sugar and Plasma Insulin Levels Morning, Afternoon, and Evening

Cited by 149 publications

References 11 publications

Sex related diurnal variations in venous blood glucose and plasma insulin levels effects of estrogens in men

Sex related diurnal variations in venous blood glucose and plasma insulin levels effects of estrogens in men

Nutrition in the spotlight: metabolic effects of environmental light

Acute Suggestibility in Police Interrogation

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