Diurnal urinary corticoid excretion in the human and gorilla

Czekala, N. M.; Lance, V. A.; Sutherland-Smith, Meg

doi:10.1002/ajp.1350340107

Cited by 41 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 16 publications

(1 reference statement)

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“…However, when solitary males, who had significantly greater levels of corticoids than group-housed individuals, were removed from the analyses, a significant drop was observed. The lack of a significant drop in corticoid levels in solitary adult males is interesting because it demonstrates that corticoid levels remain high throughout the day in these individuals, which may be indicative of mild stress [Contreras et al, 1986;Czekala et al, 1994]. Further data on solitary males that include matched A.M. and P.M. samples should be collected to look for elevated corticoid levels throughout the day in such individuals.…”

Section: Diurnal Variationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Samples were shipped overnight on dry ice to the Center for the Reproduction of Endangered Species at the San Diego Zoo for analysis. Institutions were asked to collect samples twice daily between 0700 and 0800 hr (A.M. samples) and between 1500 and 1700 hr (P.M. samples), as a significant diurnal variation in androgen and corticoid levels has been observed in gorillas as well as other primates [e.g., Goodman et al, 1974;Czekala et al, 1994;Robbins & Czekala, 1997]. However, as individual management policies made it difficult for all institutions to adhere to such a schedule, all samples collected before noon (range 0500-1145; median 0845; mode 0900) were considered A.M. samples, and all those collected after noon (range 1215-2045; median 1610; mode 1600) were considered P.M. samples, as in Robbins and Czekala [1997].…”

Section: Urine Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Urinary androgen and corticoid levels in captive, male Western lowland gorillas (Gorilla g. gorilla): Age‐ and social group‐related differences

Stoinski

Czekala

Lukas

et al. 2002

American J Primatol

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Urinary androgen and corticoid levels were measured for 52 captive male Western lowland gorillas to examine age-related variance and potential differences resulting from various social situations. Significant diurnal variation was present in both hormones. Age-related differences in androgens revealed that males experienced two stages of androgen increase and one stage of decrease: increases occurred from juvenile (less than 10 yr of age) to subadult (between 10-13 yr) and subadult to young adult (14-20 yr), whereas decreases occurred from young adult to adult (> 20 yr). Age-related differences in corticoid levels varied depending on the time of day, but morning corticoids were greatest in juvenile males, followed by young adult males. The type of social grouping was associated with differences in corticoid levels, as animals housed socially (in either a heterosexual or all-male group) had similar corticoid levels, whereas solitary males showed greater corticoid levels than their socially-housed counterparts. The increased levels of corticoids in solitary-housed males suggest this management strategy might not be optimal, although more data are needed. Additionally, the significantly greater levels of androgens and corticoids in young adult male gorillas may present management challenges, and thus zoos may need to consider increasing the flexibility of their current management practices with respect to males.

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Section: Diurnal Variationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Urine Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urinary androgen and corticoid levels in captive, male Western lowland gorillas (Gorilla g. gorilla): Age‐ and social group‐related differences

Stoinski

Czekala

Lukas

et al. 2002

American J Primatol

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“…For this study, samples collected between 7:00 -10:00 AM were assayed in order to control for documented diurnal hormone secretion patterns (Greenspan et al, 1992;Czekala et al, 1994). Cortisol and prolactin radioimmunoassays (RIA) used the same urine sample sets.…”

Section: Hormone Assaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Male orangutan subadulthood: A new twist on the relationship between chronic stress and developmental arrest

Maggioncalda

Czekala

Sapolsky

2002

American J Phys Anthropol

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Both in the wild and in captivity, a marked and enduring arrest of secondary sexual developmental occurs in some male orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) (Kingsley [1982] The Orang-Utan: Its Biology and Conservation, The Hague: Junk; Utami [2000]). Researchers have hypothesized that chronic stress, perhaps related to aggression from mature males, causes endocrine changes altering growth and maturation rates in these males (Maple [1980] Orangutan Behavior, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold; Graham [1988] Orangutan Biology, Oxford: Oxford University Press). In this study, urine samples were collected over a 3-year period from 23 captive male orangutans to test the hypothesis that developmentally arrested male orangutans have an endocrine profile consistent with chronic stress. Three study males were juveniles, seven were arrested adolescents, six were developing adolescents, and seven were mature adults. Morning samples were analyzed by radioimmunoassay for levels of the stress hormones cortisol and prolactin, and group hormone profiles were compared by analysis of variance. Results indicate that developing adolescent male orangutans have a significantly higher stress hormone profile than juvenile, developmentally arrested adolescent, or adult males. These results imply that the arrest of secondary sexual development in some male orangutans is not stress-induced, but instead perhaps an adaptation for stress avoidance during the adolescent or "subadult" period. These data, together with previously reported data on levels of gonadotropins, testicular steroids, and growth-related hormones, define endocrine profiles associated with alternative reproductive strategies for males with and males without secondary sexual features (Maggioncalda et al. [1999], [2000].

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“…In the past, primate field studies that successfully analyzed urine samples collected from the wild had to rely on the use of a freezer, liquid nitrogen, and/or dry ice for transportation [Andelman et al, 1985;Czekala et al, 1994;Muller & Lipson, 2003;Muller & Wrangham, 2004;van Schaik et al, 1991]. However, this is not feasible at many remote field sites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radioimmunoassay of estrone conjugates from urine dried on filter paper

Knott

2005

American J Primatol

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Hormonal analysis of urine from free-ranging primates has been limited due to the difficulty of preserving samples under field conditions. Drying urine on filter paper is an alternative for field preservation. This study describes a new laboratory method for eluting steroids from filter paper with methanol, along with a series of experiments used to develop and validate this method. The overall elution recovery of estrone sulfate (ES) from filter paper was 86.4%. Estrone conjugate (E1C) levels in humans and captive orangutans were analyzed by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Values from samples dried on filter paper were significantly correlated with values from matched frozen samples, with elution efficiencies ranging between 97.1% and 102.4%. Creatinine (Cr) measurements from frozen urine compared to urine dried on filter paper were also significantly correlated (r=0.96) with an elution efficiency of 101.7%. After the samples were stored for 2 years, the absolute values of E1C and Cr were significantly lower but were still significantly correlated with frozen urine values. These data demonstrate the effectiveness of filter paper as a medium for preserving urinary steroid samples, and the efficiency of methanol as a solvent for eluting E1C and Cr. This method thus provides a viable alternative to the traditional procedure of freezing urine for field studies, where freezers are not available.

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Diurnal urinary corticoid excretion in the human and gorilla

Cited by 41 publications

References 16 publications

Urinary androgen and corticoid levels in captive, male Western lowland gorillas (Gorilla g. gorilla): Age‐ and social group‐related differences

Urinary androgen and corticoid levels in captive, male Western lowland gorillas (Gorilla g. gorilla): Age‐ and social group‐related differences

Male orangutan subadulthood: A new twist on the relationship between chronic stress and developmental arrest

Radioimmunoassay of estrone conjugates from urine dried on filter paper

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