Diurnal Rhythms in the Animal Kingdom

Harker, Janet E.

doi:10.1111/j.1469-185x.1958.tb01407.x

Cited by 159 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 229 publications

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“…The great majority of insects continued to show a biphasic rhythm when placed in DD, although in most animals the secondary peak moved closer to the main peak, and some animals lost it altogether. A similar loss of the secondary peak has been reported in the cockroach [18] when its activity is measured by means of a thread attached from the pronotum to a writing lever.…”

Section: The Effect Of the Actographmentioning

confidence: 60%

Circadian Rhythms in Insects

Harker

1973

Biological Aspects of Circadian Rhythms

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Section: The Effect Of the Actographmentioning

confidence: 60%

Circadian Rhythms in Insects

Harker

1973

Biological Aspects of Circadian Rhythms

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“…Exogenous rhythms are responses to environmental change and do not persist under constant conditions (Harker, 1958 Read & Kilejian (1969) and confirmed their results. I n addition, cestodes varying in age from 5 to 7 days were found to migrate in the anterior half of the rat's small intestine, but, in contrast to the adult worms, which moved posteriorly when the hosts were fasting and anteriorly when they were digesting, the young worms were considered to move anteriorly during fasting and posteriorly during digestion.…”

Section: Migrations Of Helminths (I) Hymenolepis Diminutamentioning

confidence: 66%

The Sites Occupied by Some Parasitic Helminths in the Alimentary Tract of Vertebrates

Crompton

1973

Biological Reviews

134

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Summary 1. The sites occupied by adult helminths in the alimentary tracts of vertebrates, the events leading to the establishment of the helminths in these sites and some of the factors involved in extensions or changes of site have been described and discussed in an attempt to summarize the present state of knowledge and stimulate more research into the ecology of helminths in the tract. 2. In an attempt to reduce confusion and ambiguity in the future literature on the ecology of helminths, definitions have been proposed for the terms site, emigration and migration. 3. Since it has been assumed that the distribution and survival of some species of helminth in the tract are related to phases of digestive activity or inactivity, the morphology, histology and physiology of the alimentary tract of vertebrates have been considered with emphasis on events and features which appear to be of significance to helminths. 4. Many phases of a helminth's association with its host appear to be related to the host's intestinal motility. 5. Digestion in vertebrates is considered to be an ordered sequence of events producing different conditions in different parts of the tract. These conditions, however, are not entirely predictable; digestion is affected by the nature of the diet, the feeding routine and the psychosomatic state of the animal in question. 6. An accurate description of a helminth's site is fundamental to our understanding of its ecology. The description should include information about (I) the helminth's linear distribution, (2) the helminth's radial distribution, (3) the length of time which passed between the death of the host and finding the parasites, (4) the time of day when the search was made, (5) the stage of digestion in progress on the death of the host, (6) the season of the year when the parasites were observed, (7) the parasite's reproductive state and (8) the worm burden and the other species of parasite present in the host's alimentary tract. 7. Special care must be taken when describing the site of a cestode because of the nature of the strobila and the degrees of independent existence shown by the proglot‐tids of certain species. 8. The distribution of sites occupied by the adults of 252 species of helminth in the alimentary tract of vertebrates is given in Tables 2–6, and some sites are illustrated diagrammatically in Figs. 36–57. The sites given in the tables should be accepted with caution, for not all the authors recognized the need for information of the type proposed in paragraph 6 above. 9. The adult stages of most species of Acanthocephala and of most species of Cestoda are confined to the lumen and paramucosal lumen of the small intestines of their hosts. Their mode of feeding and dependence on their hosts' digestive processes fit in with their observed distribution. Acanthocephalans and cestodes are likely to be competitors because their restriction to the small intestine and their feeding behaviour suggest that they may have similar ecological niches. 10. The adult stages of Nematoda ca...

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“…The most interest aspect concerning the study of the 24-hour rhythm would not be the fact that given activities occur at this interval, but rather that these repetitions might persist in the absence of normal environmental changes (Harker, 1958).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

<b>Generalized estimating equations to evaluate the dependence of lifetime in confined Africanized bees

et al. 2016

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ABSTRACT.Research with honeybee needs experimentation in cages. In laboratory bioassays to assess the lifetime of Apis mellifera, each sampling unit contained a group of bees confined in a cage. Since current is a longitudinal analysis to assess the effect of time dependence on the survival of bees fed on different diets, generalized estimating equations applied to the logit model were used to assess the viability of incorporating correlation structures that related the survival of bees observed in each cage over time, so that the mortality of a given number of bees might influence the mortality of the others. Results showed that there was time dependence between the observations of bees inside the cages, and the working correlation matrix adjusted by longitudinal analysis was 'Non-stationary-M-dependent' in which the number of periods of dependence must be specified. Correlations are not the same for all observations of all periods. The solution with granulated sugar and the solution with granulated sugar enriched with lemon juice proved to have the lowest level of mortality during the assessed periods. Assay showed that bees tended to die during daytime.Keywords: Apis, dependence, longevity, logit.Equações de estimação generalizada para avaliação da dependência do tempo de vida entre abelhas africanizadas confinadas RESUMO. Os bioensaios laboratoriais para avaliar o tempo de vida de Apis mellifera têm algumas particularidades, pois cada unidade amostral contém um grupo de abelhas confinadas em uma gaiola. O presente estudo teve como objetivo realizar uma análise longitudinal para avaliar o efeito da dependência do tempo de vida entre abelhas confinadas alimentadas com diferentes dietas. Foi utilizado o método de estimação de equações generalizadas aplicadas ao modelo logit para avaliar a viabilidade de incorporar estruturas de correlação ao longo do tempo, à sobrevivência de abelhas observadas em cada gaiola, de modo a verificar como a mortalidade de um determinado número de abelhas pode influenciar a mortalidade das outras. Concluiu-se que há dependência do tempo entre as mortalidades de abelhas no interior das gaiolas, e a matriz de correlação de trabalho ajustada em análise longitudinal foi 'Não-estacionária-M-dependente', em que se deve especificar o número de períodos de dependência. Assim, as correlações não são as mesmas para todas as observações. Dentre as dietas testadas, a solução composta por açúcar granulado e a composta por açúcar granulado adicionado com suco de limão mostraram o menor nível de mortalidade durante os períodos avaliados. Observou-se também que as abelhas tendem a morrer durante o dia.Palavras-chave: Apis, dependência, longevidade, logit.

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Diurnal Rhythms in the Animal Kingdom

Cited by 159 publications

References 229 publications

Circadian Rhythms in Insects

Circadian Rhythms in Insects

The Sites Occupied by Some Parasitic Helminths in the Alimentary Tract of Vertebrates

<b>Generalized estimating equations to evaluate the dependence of lifetime in confined Africanized bees

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