Diurnal Land–Sea Rainfall Peak Migration over Sumatera Island, Indonesian Maritime Continent, Observed by TRMM Satellite and Intensive Rawinsonde Soundings

Mori, Shuichi; Hamada, Junji; Tauhid, Yudi Iman; Yamanaka, Manabu D.; Okamoto, Nobuhiko; Murata, Fumie; Sakurai, Namiko; Hashiguchi, Hiroyuki; Sribimawati, Tien

doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<2021:dlrpmo>2.0.co;2

Cited by 346 publications

(523 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…The present-day simulation (solid lines) has afternoon maximum (16 -17 LT) and morning minimum (8 LT) over Borneo Island, while there is morning maximum (4 LT) and afternoon minimum (18 LT) over the Java Sea. As shown by Arakawa and Kitoh [2005], this land-sea contrast is in general agreement with the observation based on the convective activity derived from satellite infrared channel data [Ohsawa et al, 2001] and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 3G68 V5 product [Mori et al, 2004]. However, these simulated peak times are a few hours earlier than the observation, in particular, the maximum over inland region of Borneo Island appearing several hours earlier than that of the TRMM-based observation [Hirose and Nakamura, 2005].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Spatial distributions of the land-sea contrast of annual mean precipitation difference between AJ and AK are similar to those of the land-sea contrast between evening (13 LT-24 LT) and morning (01 LT-12 LT) rain difference shown by Arakawa and Kitoh [2005] for AJ and Mori et al [2004] for the observation over the Indonesian Maritime Continent. This implies a modulation of diurnal rainfall amplitude due to global warming.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reduction in tropical rainfall diurnal variation by global warming simulated by a 20‐km mesh climate model

Arakawa¹

2005

Geophysical Research Letters

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[1] A time-slice global warming experiment was performed with a very high-resolution (20-km mesh) atmospheric general circulation model. Due to increased horizontal resolution, land-sea distribution over the Indonesian Maritime Continent is well represented. A clear contrast in precipitation change at the end of the twenty-first century is found over Borneo Island and the Java Sea: over the ocean morning precipitation decreases and evening precipitation increases, while over the island morning precipitation increases, resulting in reduced amplitude of rainfall diurnal variation over both land and ocean. Weakened land-sea breeze circulation by global warming due to larger nighttime temperature increases over land than during the day contributes to this decreased rainfall diurnal variation. Citation: Kitoh, A., and O. Arakawa

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduction in tropical rainfall diurnal variation by global warming simulated by a 20‐km mesh climate model

Arakawa¹

2005

Geophysical Research Letters

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“…By 0600 it has reached the Malacca Strait and the east coast of Sumatra, and the Mentawi Islands (the chain of islands off the southwest coast of Sumatra), respectively. This pattern is consistent with the propagating diurnal cycle identified by Mori et al (2004), who also described the accompanying anomalies in wind, humidity and stability as part of a land-sea breeze circulation. The southwestward propagation continues coherently out into the Indian Ocean throughout the morning, eventually becoming incoherent at a distance of approximately 800 km from the Sumatran coast.…”

Section: Case-study: Sumatramentioning

confidence: 68%

“…Over land, it is stronger and peaks in the evening. Additionally, the complex topography of the Maritime Continent leads to strong land-sea breeze circulations, with integral convection and precipitation, over the larger islands (Yang and Slingo, 2001), such as Sumatra (Mori et al, 2004), Borneo (Ichikawa and Yasunari, 2006), and New Guinea (Ichikawa and Yasunari, 2008). The organisation of convection into mesoscale convective systems is also a strong function of the time of day, especially over the ocean (Nesbitt and Zipser, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The diurnal cycle of precipitation over the Maritime Continent in a high‐resolution atmospheric model

Love

Matthews

Lister

2011

Quart J Royal Meteoro Soc

177

200

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Climate models can exhibit systematic errors in their mean precipitation over the Maritime Continent of the Indonesian archipelago at the heart of the tropical warm pool. These can often be traced back to an erroneous simulation of the diurnal cycle, and can lead to errors in global climate, through planetary wave propagation. Here, we examine the simulation of the diurnal cycle over the Maritime Continent in a series of high-resolution integrations of the UK Met Office atmospheric model, with horizontal resolutions of 40 and 12 km (where the convection is parametrised) and 4 km (where the convection is explicitly resolved), as part of the Cascade project. In these models, the vertical heating profile over the islands changes from a convective profile with a mid-tropospheric maximum in the early afternoon to a more stratiform profile with upper-tropospheric heating and mid-tropospheric cooling later. The convective heating profile forces a first internal mode gravity wave that propagates rapidly offshore; the deep warm anomalies behind its downwelling wavefront suppress convection offshore during early afternoon. The stratiform heating profile forces a gravity wave with a higher-order vertical mode that propagates slowly offshore later in the afternoon. This mode has a negative, destabilising temperature anomaly in the mid-troposphere. Together with the convergence zone between the wave fronts of the two modes, favourable conditions are created for offshore convection. In the 4 km explicit convection model, the offshore convection responds strongly to this gravity wave forcing, in agreement with observations, supporting a gravity wave-convection paradigm for the diurnal cycle over the Maritime Continent. However, the convective response in the lower-resolution models is much less coherent, leading to errors in the diurnal cycle and mean precipitation.

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“…However, due to the relatively coarse horizontal resolution of the models, it was noted that the climate change signal could quite possibly manifest itself differently at smaller scales-particularly for relatively small island countries which are crudely (if at all) represented on model grids with horizontal resolutions of the order of several hundred kilometers. The existence of (unresolved by models) large mountain peaks and valleys can introduce local circulations such as mountain and valley breezes, katabatic winds, and rain shadow effects, while detailed coastal boundaries and contrasting land surface types can also be important in shaping diurnal cycles of rainfall [Holland and Keenan, 1980;Liberti et al, 2001;Wu et al, 2003;Mori et al, 2004;Byon and Lim, 2005;Sakurai et al, 2005;Biasutti et al, 2012]. This is particularly true in the case of New Guinea where rainfall varies considerably over relatively small scales [Zhou and Wang, 2006].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regional‐scale rainfall projections: Simulations for the New Guinea region using the CCAM model

et al. 2013

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[1] A common problem with global climate models is the fact that their grids do not always resolve important topographic features which determine the spatial variability of rainfall at regional scales. Here we present and compare simulations of rainfall for the relatively mountainous New Guinea region from six relatively coarse resolution climate models and the corresponding results using a higher resolution model (the Conformal Cubic Atmospheric Model-CCAM). While the large-scale climatological mean rainfall from both the coarse models and CCAM tend to be similar, unsurprisingly, the CCAM results better reflect some of the important topographic effects. However, the results for projected changes (under the A2 emissions scenario) to rainfall for later this century reveal some important differences. The coarse-scale results indicate relatively smooth patterns of projected change consistent with the representations of the underlying topography, but over New Guinea, there is little agreement on the sign of the change. The CCAM projections show greater spatial detail and better agreement among the six members. These indicate that West Papua and the relatively wet northern and southern mountain slopes may get wetter during December to February-the peak of the Austral monsoon season, and the highland regions may actually become drier during June to August-the dry season. These results are consistent with the theoretical concept that warmer temperatures may lead to increases over already wet regions and decreases over the relatively drier regions-the so-called "rich-get-richer" mechanism. They also highlight the fact that the climate of mountainous regions can be relatively complex and indicate potential difficulties that can arise when attempting to synthesize regional-scale projections from coarse-scale models.

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Diurnal Land–Sea Rainfall Peak Migration over Sumatera Island, Indonesian Maritime Continent, Observed by TRMM Satellite and Intensive Rawinsonde Soundings

Cited by 346 publications

References 42 publications

Reduction in tropical rainfall diurnal variation by global warming simulated by a 20‐km mesh climate model

Reduction in tropical rainfall diurnal variation by global warming simulated by a 20‐km mesh climate model

The diurnal cycle of precipitation over the Maritime Continent in a high‐resolution atmospheric model

Regional‐scale rainfall projections: Simulations for the New Guinea region using the CCAM model

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