Diurnal cycling: Observations and models of the upper ocean response to diurnal heating, cooling, and wind mixing

Abstract

Measurements made from R/P Flip using rapid profiling conductivity, temperature, and depth probes and vector-measuring current meters provide a new and detailed look at the diurnal cycle of the upper ocean. A diurnal cycle occurs when solar heating warms and stabilizes the upper ocean. This limits the downward penetration of turbulent wind mixing so that air-sea fluxes of heat and momentum are surface trapped during midday. The central problem is to learn how the trapping depth D T (mean depth value of the diurnal temperature and velocity response) is set by the competi_ng effects of wind mixing and surface heating. In this data set the diurnal range of surface temperature T s was observed to vary from 0.05 < •s < 0.4øC, with most of the day-to-day variability attributable to variations of wind stress r. Wind mixing causes a pronounced asymmetry of the T s response by limiting the warming phase to only about half of the period that the surface heat flux Q is positive. The associated wind-driven current, the diurnal jet, has an amplitude of typically •s • 0.1 m s-x, with no obvious dependence upon r. The diurnal jet accelerates downwind during the morning and midday. It is turned into the wind by the Coriolis force during early evening and is often erased by the following morning. Under the assumption that wind mixing occurs as an adjustment to shear flow stability, a scaling analysis and a numerical model study show that the daily minimum trapping depth /•T goes like •/Qx/2. It follows that •s goes like Q3/2/• and that • goes like Q•/2. These results, as well as the simulated time dependence of the diurnal cycle, are at least roughly consistent with the observations. The observed time-averaged velocity profile has a spiral shape reminiscent of the classical Ekman spiral. However, its structure is a consequence of diurnal cycling, and its parameter dependence is in some ways just opposite that of the Ekman model' e.g., increased wind stress may cause decreased vertical shear between fixed levels in the upper ocean. Paper number 6C0214 0148-0227/86/006C-0214505.00 to heating and wind mixing which can simulate the diurnal cycle (sections 4 and 7); (3) to determine the explicit parameter dependence of the diurnal cycle upon the heating rate, the wind stress, and other external variables (sections 5 and 7), and lastly (4) to show how the process of diurnal cycling acts to shape the longer term response of the upper ocean to atmospheric forcing (section 8). 2. FIELD OBSERVATIONS The field data reported here were taken in spring 1980 from R/P Flip. Measurements were begun on April 28 at 30.9øN, 123.5øW, about 400 km west of San Diego, California. Flip drifted southward with the prevailing wind, and the measurement program ended on May 24 when Flip was at 28.7øN, 124.0øW. 2.1. Data Types Precision Comments profiling CTD; T, C, P profiling VMCM; V, T, P Fixed level VMCM' V, T Wind speed U Eppley pyranometer, I 0 Air temperatures, cloud cover, pressure 128.4 < t < 145.3 days* At = 2 min T _ 0.002øC 2 <z < 400m Az= 1 m C_+0...

Field observations and results of a 1-D boundary layer model for developing near-surface temperature maxima in the Western Arctic

“…Δu and Δv were calculated by taking the difference of the LTC upper ocean velocities against the ocean velocity at the first vertical level below the sea ice in the LTC model (0.6 m). When Ri bulk exceeded a critical value (Ri c ) of 0.65 (Price et al, 1986), deepening due to turbulent mixing was assumed to terminate. Thus, the depth of the active mixing layer for this study was considered depths shallower than Ri bulk = 0.65.…”

Spatial and temporal distribution of Fe(II) and H2O2 during EisenEx, an open ocean mescoscale iron enrichment

“…Meteorological data, wind speed and direction, precipitation, humidity, air temperature, and photosynthetically available radia-tion (PAR), were obtained from onboard instrumentation on the Polarstern. Wind stress was calculated according to Price et al (1986):…”

“…As the reaction rates with O 2 À are very rapid (see Table 2), a time step of 0.1 s was used to ensure stability of the equations, when O 2 À was not (Price et al, 1986), including the effects of iron solubility, organic complexation and sunlight, is currently being developed and written up for publication.…”

Observations and Theories of Langmuir Circulation: A Story of Mixing

“…This can be parameterized by a bulk Richardson number, (Pollard et al 1973, Price et al 1986, where deepening of the mixing layer continues until the inequality is satisfied. The velocity jump across the thermocline, ∆U, is primarily due to inertial currents, generated by sudden changes in the wind; it generally decreases rapidly after a quarter inertial cycle.…”