Diurnal Changes in Human psychophysical luminance sensitivity

O’Keefe, Lawrence P.; Baker, Howard D.

doi:10.1016/0031-9384(87)90353-2

Cited by 29 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…6 Several researchers examined circadian rhythms in visual thresholds. [7][8][9]12,29 Although the confidence intervals were wide, retinal sensitivity seemed to be the lowest in the early morning. We found the lowest sensitivity directly after lunch and, in a subgroup of patients with early glaucoma, the highest sensitivity in the early morning.…”

Section: Time Of Daymentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors That Influence Standard Automated Perimetry Test Results in Glaucoma: Test Reliability, Technician Experience, Time of Day, and Season

Montolio

Wesselink

Gordijn

et al. 2012

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

100

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PURPOSE.To determine the influence of several factors on standard automated perimetry test results in glaucoma.METHODS. Longitudinal Humphrey field analyzer 30-2 Swedish interactive threshold algorithm data from 160 eyes of 160 glaucoma patients were used. The influence of technician experience, time of day, and season on the mean deviation (MD) was determined by performing linear regression analysis of MD against time on a series of visual fields and subsequently performing a multiple linear regression analysis with the MD residuals as dependent variable and the factors mentioned above as independent variables. Analyses were performed with and without adjustment for the test reliability (fixation losses and false-positive and false-negative answers) and with and without stratification according to disease stage (baseline MD).RESULTS. Mean follow-up was 9.4 years, with on average 10.8 tests per patient. Technician experience, time of day, and season were associated with the MD. Approximately 0.2 dB lower MD values were found for inexperienced technicians (P < 0.001), tests performed after lunch (P < 0.001), and tests performed in the summer or autumn (P < 0.001). The effects of time of day and season appeared to depend on disease stage. Independent of these effects, the percentage of false-positive answers strongly influenced the MD with a 1 dB increase in MD per 10% increase in false-positive answers. The variability of SAP test results depends on many factors. A well-known factor is disease stage. 1,2 Other factors are patient motivation and technician performance, the latter via appropriateness of refraction and patient instruction, reassurance before the test, and patient monitoring during the test. [3][4][5] Circadian rhythms and seasonal influences may also contribute to the variability. These periodicities may influence SAP test results in at least two different ways. First, patients need a good cognitive function to perform perimetry. In an extensive review, Blatter et al. 6 described a daily variation in cognitive function in humans. Cognitive function deteriorated over the day in the elderly (at the typical age of a glaucoma patient), whereas the opposite is the case in young subjects. Second, SAP measures a threshold sensitivity of the visual system. Earlier studies in humans showed a daily variation in retinal visual sensitivity, suggesting lower sensitivities in the early morning. CONCLUSIONS.7-9 Besides a daily variation, a seasonal (circannual) variation might also be present. After all, exposure to light varies per season and prior light history affects light sensitivity.10 Indeed, retinal sensitivity seems to be highest in the spring. 11,12 Variability is entangled with reliability, which is commonly assessed by reliability indices and displayed as the percentages of fixation losses (FL) and false-positive (FP) and false-negative (FN) answers. Two issues concerning reliability are relevant to this study. First, whether reliability as assessed by the reliability indices influences variability. Se...

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Section: Time Of Daymentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors That Influence Standard Automated Perimetry Test Results in Glaucoma: Test Reliability, Technician Experience, Time of Day, and Season

Montolio

Wesselink

Gordijn

et al. 2012

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

100

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show abstract

“…Circadian and diurnal variations have been described at the highest levels of visual processing by psycho-physical assessments of visual sensitivity in humans and rodents (Terman and Terman 1985;Bassi and Powers 1986;O'Keefe P. and Baker 1987), and by using electroencephalography to describe rhythms in visual evoked potentials (Stolz et al 1988). However, the most extensive evidence for circadian control concerns the earliest events in vision, those occurring in the retina.…”

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confidence: 99%

The electroretinogram as a method for studying circadian rhythms in the mammalian retina

Cameron

Barnard

Lucas

2008

J Genet

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Circadian clocks are thought to regulate retinal physiology in anticipation of the large variation in environmental irradiance associated with the earth's rotation upon its axis. In this review we discuss some of the rhythmic events that occur in the mammalian retina, and their consequences for retinal physiology. We also review methods of tracing retinal rhythmicity in vivo and highlight the electroretinogram (ERG) as a useful technique in this field. Principally, we discuss how this technique can be used as a quick and noninvasive way of assessing physiological changes that occur in the retina over the course of the day. We highlight some important recent findings facilitated by this approach and discuss its strengths and limitations.

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“…The discrepancies between previous studies may reflect methodological differences between studies. Bassi and Powers (30) and O'Keefe and Baker (31) found an inverse correlation between sensitivity and temperature, and we could also note that the peaks of the VTH rhythm occurred almost at the same time as the temperature nadir in our subjects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

“…The threshold has been lower at night than during the day (30). Scotopic threshold has increased during the second part of the night (31). The discrepancies between previous studies may reflect methodological differences between studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Retinal Circadian Rhythms in Humans*

Tuunainen¹,

Kripke²,

Cress³

et al. 2001

Chronobiology International

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Circadian rhythms in the retina may reflect intrinsic rhythms in the eye. Previous reports on circadian variability in electrophysiological human retinal measures have been scanty, and the results have been somewhat inconsistent. We studied the circadian variation of the electrooculography (EOG), electroretinography (ERG), and visual threshold (VTH) in subjects undergoing a 36h testing period. We used an ultrashort sleep-wake cycle to balance effects of sleep and light-dark across circadian cycles. Twelve healthy volunteers (10 males, 2 females; mean age 26.3 years, standard deviation [SD] 8.0 years, range 19-40 years) participated in the study. The retinal functions and oral temperature were measured every 90 min. The EOG was measured in the light, whereas the ERG and the VTH were measured in the dark. Sleep was inferred from activity detected by an Actillume monitor. The EOG peak-to-peak responses followed a circadian rhythm, with the peak occurring late in the morning (acrophase 12:22). The ERG b-wave implicit time peaked in the early morning (acrophase 06:46). No statistically significant circadian rhythms could be demonstrated in the ERG a-wave implicit time or peak-to-peak amplitude. The VTH rhythm peaked in the early morning (acrophases 07:59 for blue and 07:32 for red stimuli). All retinal rhythms showed less-consistent acrophases than the temperature and sleep rhythms. This study demonstrated several different circadian rhythms in retinal electrophysiological and psychophysical measures of healthy subjects. As the retinal rhythms had much poorer signal-to-noise ratios than the temperature rhythm, these measures cannot be recommended as circadian markers.

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Diurnal Changes in Human psychophysical luminance sensitivity

Cited by 29 publications

References 22 publications

Factors That Influence Standard Automated Perimetry Test Results in Glaucoma: Test Reliability, Technician Experience, Time of Day, and Season

Factors That Influence Standard Automated Perimetry Test Results in Glaucoma: Test Reliability, Technician Experience, Time of Day, and Season

The electroretinogram as a method for studying circadian rhythms in the mammalian retina

Retinal Circadian Rhythms in Humans*

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