Diurnal Changes in Cortisol Level, Neutrophil Number and Lyzozyme Activity in Foals during the First 13 Weeks of Life and in their Lactating Mothers

Flisińska-Bojanowska, A; Gill, Janusz; Grzelkowska, K.

doi:10.1111/j.1439-0442.1992.tb00229.x

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The results of the present study are consistent with previous reports illustrating the dynamic nature of HPA axis function in the neonatal foal 11–13,24–26 . At birth, basal ACTH and cortisol concentrations were significantly higher than resting concentrations previously reported both in older foals and in adult horses, 27–29 and were similar to cortisol concentrations recently reported in adult horses with colic (13.6 ± 7.6 μg/dL) i . This provides further evidence that the healthy full‐term foal is capable of mounting a cortisol response to periparturient stressors 12,30 .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Hypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Adrenal Axis Assessment in Healthy Term Neonatal Foals Utilizing a Paired Low Dose/High Dose ACTH Stimulation Test

Hart

Heusner

Norton

et al. 2009

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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Background: Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function is dynamic in the neonatal foal. The paired low dose/ high dose cosyntropin (ACTH) stimulation test allows comprehensive HPA axis assessment, but has not been evaluated in neonatal foals.Hypothesis: Foal age will significantly affect cortisol responses to a paired 10 and 100 mg dose cosyntropin stimulation test in healthy neonatal foals.Animals: Twenty healthy neonatal foals.Methods: HPA axis function was assessed in 12 foals at birth and at 12-24, 36-48 hours, and 5-7 days of age. At each age, basal cortisol and ACTH concentrations were measured and cortisol responses to 10 and 100 mg cosyntropin were assessed with a paired ACTH stimulation test protocol. Eight additional 36-48-hour-old foals received saline instead of 10 mg cosyntropin in the same-paired ACTH stimulation test design.Results: At birth, foals had significantly higher basal cortisol and ACTH concentrations and higher basal ACTH : cortisol ratios compared with foals in all other age groups. A significant cortisol response to both the 10 and 100 mg doses of cosyntropin was observed in all foals. The magnitude of the cortisol response to both doses of cosyntropin was significantly different across age groups, with the most marked responses in younger foals. There was no effect of the paired ACTH stimulation test design itself on cortisol responses.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: A paired 10 and 100 mg cosyntropin stimulation test can be used to evaluate HPA axis function in neonatal foals. Consideration of foal age is important in interpretation of HPA axis assessment.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Hypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Adrenal Axis Assessment in Healthy Term Neonatal Foals Utilizing a Paired Low Dose/High Dose ACTH Stimulation Test

Hart

Heusner

Norton

et al. 2009

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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“…Mares of some warm‐blooded breeds have higher blood leucocyte numbers than stallions (Schalm et al, 1975). Daily (Von Bubna‐Littitz and Jaksch, 1986; Flisinska‐Bojanovska et al, 1992) and circadian fluctuations (Gill et al, 1985) of blood leucocyte counts have also been demonstrated in horses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Variations of White Blood Cell Count in Lipizzan Horses

Čebulj‐Kadunc

Kosec

Cestnik

2003

Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A

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Total and differential leucocyte counts (lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils) were measured in 140 stallions, 101 mares and 25 foals of Lipizzan breed. The values fell in the normal ranges for warm-blooded horses. Differences between mares and stallions were not significant with the exception of foals, having higher white blood cell, neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte and basophil values in females than in males. Foals exhibited an age-related increase of total leucocyte count during the first 4 months of life, accompanied by a decrease in neutrophil and increase in lymphocyte and eosinophil counts. In mares and stallions, the total number of leucocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes and basophils significantly decreased but the number of neutrophils and eosinophils remained almost unchanged with age gain.

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“…Both premature (gestational age o 320 days) and full-term neonatal foals appear to lack a fully mature and responsive HPA axis, as evidenced by blunted cortisol responses to both endogenous and exogenous ACTH, as compared with adult horses. 22,[24][25][26][27][28] In addition, recent studies have identified markedly increased ACTH : cortisol ratios (increased plasma ACTH concentration with correspondingly low serum cortisol concentration) in nonsurviving septic foals as compared with both healthy foals and surviving septic foals. 29,30 Low cortisol concentration in conjunction with increased ACTH concentration suggests that failure of cortisol synthesis is primarily at the level of the adrenal gland, whereas the central portions of the HPA axis appear intact.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Adrenal Axis Dysfunction in Hospitalized Neonatal Foals

Hart

Slovis

Barton

2009

Veterinary Internal Medicne

124

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Background: Transient hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction occurs frequently in critically ill humans and impacts survival. The prevalence and impact of HPA axis dysfunction in critically ill neonatal foals are not well characterized.Hypotheses: (1) HPA axis dysfunction occurs in hospitalized neonatal foals, and is characterized by inappropriately low basal serum cortisol concentration or inadequate cortisol response to exogenous adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH); (2) hospitalized foals with HPA axis dysfunction have more severe disease and are less likely to survive than hospitalized foals with normal HPA axis function.Animals: Seventy-two hospitalized foals and 23 healthy age-matched foals. Methods: Basal ACTH and cortisol concentrations were measured and a paired low-dose (10 mg)/high-dose (100 mg) cosyntropin stimulation test was performed at admission in hospitalized foals. HPA axis dysfunction was defined as (1) an inappropriately low basal cortisol concentration or (2) an inadequate increase in cortisol concentration (delta cortisol) after administration of cosyntropin, with cut-off values for appropriate basal and delta cortisol concentrations determined from results obtained in healthy age-matched foals.Results: Forty-six percent of hospitalized foals had an inappropriately low basal cortisol concentration and 52% had an inadequate delta cortisol concentration after administration of the 100 mg dose of cosyntropin. An inadequate delta cortisol response to the high (100 mg) dose of cosyntropin was significantly correlated with shock and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in hospitalized foals, and with decreased survival in a subgroup of septic foals.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: HPA axis dysfunction occurs frequently in hospitalized neonatal foals, and negatively impacts disease severity and survival.

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Diurnal Changes in Cortisol Level, Neutrophil Number and Lyzozyme Activity in Foals during the First 13 Weeks of Life and in their Lactating Mothers

Cited by 13 publications

References 20 publications

Hypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Adrenal Axis Assessment in Healthy Term Neonatal Foals Utilizing a Paired Low Dose/High Dose ACTH Stimulation Test

Hypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Adrenal Axis Assessment in Healthy Term Neonatal Foals Utilizing a Paired Low Dose/High Dose ACTH Stimulation Test

The Variations of White Blood Cell Count in Lipizzan Horses

Hypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Adrenal Axis Dysfunction in Hospitalized Neonatal Foals

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