Disturbed release of gastrointestinal peptides in anorexia nervosa and in obesity

Baranowska, B; Radzikowska, M.; Wasilewska-Dziubińska, Elżbieta; Roguski, Krzysztof; Borowiec, Monika

doi:10.1046/j.1463-1326.2000.00070.x

Cited by 112 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…The present study has not proven that fat-derived NPY can enter the blood stream; however, this may potentially explain the observed elevated circulating NPY levels in chronically obese subjects and T2DM patients (1). Thus, the role of adipose-derived NPY and its contribution to circulating and central regulatory action remains to be established through further in vivo studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

Secretion of neuropeptide Y in human adipose tissue and its role in maintenance of adipose tissue mass

Kos¹,

Harte²,

James³

et al. 2007

American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism

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NPY is an important central orexigenic hormone, but little is known about its peripheral actions in human adipose tissue (AT) or its potential paracrine effects. Our objective was to examine NPY's role in AT, specifically addressing NPY protein expression, the effect of NPY on adipokine secretion, and the influence of insulin and rosiglitazone (RSG) on adipocytederived NPY in vitro. Ex vivo human AT was obtained from women undergoing elective surgery [age: 42.7 Ϯ 1.5 yr (mean Ϯ SE), BMI: 26.2 Ϯ 0.7 kg/m 2 ; n ϭ 38]. Western blot analysis was used to determine NPY protein expression in AT depots. Abdominal subcutaneous (AbSc) adipocytes were isolated and treated with recombinant (rh) NPY, insulin, and RSG. NPY and adipokine levels were measured by ELISA. Our results were that NPY was localized in human AT and adipocytes and confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Depotspecific NPY expression was noted as highest in AbSc AT (1.87 Ϯ 0.23 ODU) compared with omental (Om; 1.03 Ϯ 0.15 ODU, P ϭ 0.029) or thigh AT (Th; 1.0 Ϯ 0.29 ODU, P ϭ 0.035). Insulin increased NPY secretion (control: 0.22 Ϯ 0.024 ng/ml; 1 nM insulin: 0.26 Ϯ 0.05 ng/ml; 100 nM insulin: 0.29 Ϯ 0.04 ng/ml; 1,000 nM insulin: 0.3 Ϯ 0.04 ng/ml; P Ͻ 0.05, n ϭ 13), but cotreatment of RSG (10 nM) with insulin (100 nM) had no effect on NPY secretion. Furthermore, adipocyte treatment with rh-NPY downregulated leptin secretion (control: 6.99 Ϯ 0.89 ng/ml; 1 nmol/l rh-NPY: 4.4 Ϯ 0.64 ng/ml; 10 nmol/l rh-NPY: 4.3 Ϯ 0.61 ng/ml, 100 nmol/l rh-NPY: 4.2 Ϯ 0.67 ng/ml; P Ͻ 0.05, n ϭ 10) but had no effect on adiponectin or TNF-␣ secretion. We conclude that NPY is expressed and secreted by human adipocytes. NPY secretion is stimulated by insulin, but this increment was limited by cotreatment with RSG. NPY's antilipolytic action may promote an increase in adipocyte size in hyperinsulinemic conditions. Adipose-derived NPY mediates reduction of leptin secretion and may have implications for central feedback of adiposity signals.adipokines; insulin; rosiglitazone; leptin NEUROPEPTIDE Y (NPY), A 36-AMINO ACID PEPTIDE, established as an important appetite regulator with orexigenic properties, represents one of the most potent appetite stimulants in the brain. NPY is also known (4) to have peripheral functions, such as the regulation of angiogenesis, vasoconstriction, mood regulation, and fertility, with NPY receptors noted in the peripheral tissues. Previous studies have examined the function of NPY in the periphery, particularly examining adipose tissue (AT).Such studies have established that intracerebroventricular injection of NPY appears to mediate upregulation of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and its activity. LPL is a key enzyme in lipogenesis, thus highlighting the antilipolytic potential of NPY (2); additionally, in vitro studies examining cultured adipocytes (22) It is clear that the physiological role of NPY in the regulation of energy stores cannot be fully understood without examining the complex interactions of key regulators of energy homeostasis: insulin and leptin. Altho...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

Secretion of neuropeptide Y in human adipose tissue and its role in maintenance of adipose tissue mass

Kos¹,

Harte²,

James³

et al. 2007

American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism

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“…A number of modifications in gastrointestinal function have been described in the obese, 15,16,18,19,33 which may potentially be attributable to gastrointestinal adaptation to high nutrient exposure. Whether such changes are reversible in response to energy restriction has not been investigated in detail, but is conceivable.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A recent study in a large cohort found gastric emptying of both solids and liquids to be accelerated with increasing body weight, 15 whereas others have reported gastric emptying in the obese to be either similar 16 or slower, 17 when compared with lean subjects. The outcome of gut hormone measurements is also inconsistent, for example, some studies have reported lower fasting ghrelin, 15 higher fasting 18 and postprandial 16 plasma CCK, and lower postprandial PYY, 19 glucagon-like peptide-1 20 and ghrelin 21 concentrations, whereas others found no differences in PYY or glucagon-like peptide-1. 15 There is evidence that previous patterns of energy intake, in excess, in restriction and even when sustained for short periods of time, have the capacity to modify gastrointestinal function, 5,[22][23][24] and this may be of particular relevance to the inconsistent observations from studies relating to gastrointestinal function in the obese given that previous nutrient intake has not been quantified.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of acute dietary restriction on gut motor, hormone and energy intake responses to duodenal fat in obese men

et al. 2010

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Background: Previous patterns of energy intake influence gastrointestinal function and appetite, probably reflecting changes in small-intestinal nutrient-mediated feedback. Obese individuals consume more fat and may be less sensitive to its gastrointestinal and appetite-suppressant effects than lean individuals. Objective: To evaluate the hypothesis that, in obese individuals, the effects of duodenal fat on gastrointestinal motor and hormone function, and appetite would be enhanced by a short period on a very-low-calorie diet (VLCD). Methods: Eight obese men (body mass index 34 ± 0.6 kg m À2 ) were studied on two occasions, before (V1), and immediately after (V2), a 4-day VLCD. On both occasions, antropyloroduodenal motility, plasma cholecystokinin (CCK), peptide-YY (PYY) and ghrelin concentrations, and appetite perceptions were measured during a 120-min intraduodenal fat infusion (2.86 kcal min À1 ). Immediately afterwards, energy intake was quantified. Results: During V2, basal pyloric pressure and the number and amplitude of isolated pyloric pressure waves (PWs) were greater, whereas the number of antral and duodenal PWs was less, compared with V1 (all Po0.05). Moreover, during V2, baseline ghrelin concentration was higher; the stimulation of PYY and suppression of ghrelin by lipid were greater, with no difference in CCK concentration; and hunger and energy intake (kJ; V1: 4378 ± 691, V2: 3634 ± 700) were less (all Po0.05), compared with V1. Conclusions: In obese males, the effects of small-intestinal lipid on gastrointestinal motility and some hormone responses and appetite are enhanced after a 4-day VLCD.

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“…Regulation of acute eating behavior incorporates a system of satiety signals that originate from the food ingested. Cholecystokinin, bombesin, gastrin-releasing peptide, amongst others, are involved in this signaling system and reach the brain via peripheral innervation or the circulation to activate their receptors in the brain (5).…”

Section: Appetite-regulating Peptidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anorexia nervosa in female adolescents: endocrine and bone mineral density disturbances

Argente

2002

European Journal of Endocrinology

145

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Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a chronic childhood psychiatric illness that involves a reduction in caloric intake, loss of weight and amenorrhea, either primary or secondary. The diagnostic criteria for AN have been established by the American Psychiatric Association. The prevalence of this disease amongst adolescents and young adults is between 0.5 and 1% and the incidence of new cases per year is approximately 5-10/100 000 between 15 and 19 years of age. A number of endocrine and metabolic disturbances have been described in patients with AN including amenorrhea-oligomenorrhea, delayed puberty, hypothyroidism, hypercortisolism, IGF-I deficiency, electrolyte abnormalities, hypoglycemia and hypophosphatemia, among others. In addition to prolonged amenorrhea, osteopenia and osteoporosis are the most frequent complications leading to clinically relevant fractures and increased fracture risk throughout life. Patients exhibit an alteration in the hypothalamic -pituitary -gonadal axis, which is responsible for the menstrual disorders. The increase in gonadotropin secretion that can be observed after ponderal recuperation suggests that malnutrition could be the most important mechanism involved in the decrease in gonadotropin secretion. The loss of fat tissue as a consequence of nutrient restriction has been associated with hypoleptinemia and abnormal secretion of peptides implicated in food control (neuropeptide Y, melanocortins and corticotropin-releasing factor, among others). A review of the endocrine abnormalities, disturbances in neurotransmitters, as well as a detailed analysis of bone markers and bone mineral density in patients with AN is described.

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Disturbed release of gastrointestinal peptides in anorexia nervosa and in obesity

Abstract: Our results indicate that the release of gastrointestinal peptides is disturbed in obesity and in anorexia nervosa. These findings suggests that dysfunction of brain-gut axis may be also an important factor in the abnormal control of appetite axcept of hypothalamic dysfunction.

Cited by 112 publications

References 38 publications

Secretion of neuropeptide Y in human adipose tissue and its role in maintenance of adipose tissue mass

Secretion of neuropeptide Y in human adipose tissue and its role in maintenance of adipose tissue mass

Effects of acute dietary restriction on gut motor, hormone and energy intake responses to duodenal fat in obese men

Anorexia nervosa in female adolescents: endocrine and bone mineral density disturbances

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