Disturbances can control fine-scale pedodiversity in old-growth  forests: is the soil evolution theory disturbed as well?

Šamonil, Pavel; Vašíčková, Ivana; Daněk, Pavel; Janík, David; Adam, Dušan

doi:10.5194/bg-11-5889-2014

Cited by 39 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…Other studies at this scale show divergent pedogenesis associated with dynamical instabilities in topographic/soil coevolution, vertical translocation processes, and persistence of pedological impacts of disturbances (Ibanez et al 1994;Schaetzl et al 2006;Toomanian et al 2006;Samonil et al 2014Samonil et al , 2015Valtera et al 2015). Some pedon-scale studies also show dynamically unstable trends toward increasing variability (Phillips 2000(Phillips , 2001bMontagne et al 2013) that imply non-convergent development at broader scales.…”

Section: Pedologymentioning

confidence: 92%

Complexity of Earth Surface System Evolutionary Pathways

Phillips

2016

Math Geosci

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Evolution of Earth surface systems (ESS) comprises sequential transitions between system states. Treating these as directed graphs, algebraic graph theory was used to quantify complexity of archetypal structures, and empirical examples of forest succession and alluvial river channel change. Spectral radius measures structural complexity and is highest for fully connected, lowest for linear sequential and cyclic graphs, and intermediate for divergent and convergent patterns. The irregularity index β represents the extent to which a subgraph is representative of the full graph. Fully connected graphs have β = 1. Lower values are found in linear and cycle patterns, while higher values, such as those of divergent and convergent patterns, are due to a few highly connected nodes. Algebraic connectivity (μ(G)) indicates inferential synchronization and is inversely related to historical contingency. Highest values are associated with fully connected and strongly connected mesh graphs, whereas forking structures and linear sequences all have μ(G) = 1, with cycles slightly higher. Diverging vs. converging graphs of the same size and topology have no differences with respect to graph complexity, so complexity change is dependent on whether development results in increased or reduced richness. Convergent-divergent mode switching, however, would generally increase ESS complexity, decrease irregularity, and increase algebraic connectivity. As ESS and associated graphs evolve, none of the possible trends reduces complexity, which can only remain constant or increase. Algebraic connectivity may increase, however. As improving shortcomings in ESS 123 Math Geosci evolution models generally result in elaborating possible state changes, this produces more structurally complex but less historically contingent models.

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Section: Pedologymentioning

confidence: 92%

Complexity of Earth Surface System Evolutionary Pathways

Phillips

2016

Math Geosci

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“…Divergent responses result in increasing post‐storm variability and diversity. For instance, tree uprooting resulting from tornadoes or other wind storms can increase the richness of soil types and the variability of regolith thickness (Phillips et al , ; Valtera et al , ; Samonil et al , ).…”

Section: Disturbances and State Transitionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Principles of geomorphic disturbance and recovery in response to storms

Phillips

Dyke

2016

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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ABSTRACT:The most important geomorphic responses to storms are qualitative changes in system state. Minor storms produce no state change or very rapid recovery to pre-storm state, and extinction events wipe out the system. In other cases disturbance results in a state change, which may be transitional (change to a previously existing state), state space expansion (change to a new state), and clock-resetting events that return the system to its initial state. Recovery pathways are much more varied than the monotonic progressions represented in classic vegetation succession and linear channel evolution models. Those linear sequential pathways are only one of several archetypal recovery pathways, which also include binary, convergent, divergent, and more complex networks. Filterdominated systems are more likely to follow linear sequential or convergent patterns, whereas amplifier-dominance is characteristic of divergent and more complex mesh or fully-connected patterns. Amplifier domination is also more likely to lead to evolutionary or state space expansion responses. Amplification and filtering in geomorphic response and recovery can be assessed using the 'Four R's' framework of response, resistance, relaxation, and recursion. High resistance and resilience, rapid relaxation times, and stable recursive feedback networks reduce or offset effects of disturbances, thus filtering their impacts. Conversely, low resistance and resilience, slow relaxation, and dynamically unstable feedbacks can exaggerate disturbances, creating disproportionately large and long-lived impacts, thereby amplifying disturbances.Unless new filter mechanisms evolve (either autogenically or anthropically), or the number of extinction or clock-resetting events increases, intensified storminess will result in more geomorphic variability. These ideas are applied to a case study of a flood on the Clark Fork River, Montana, USA.

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“…Microrelief of forested hillslopes is shaped by ongoing interactions between abiotic processes of weathering and soil formation, downslope regolith displacement, surface runoff, and biotic factors, among which, tree growth and decay are of major importance (Roering et al 2010;Šamonil et al 2014;Amundson et al 2015;Schaetzl and Thompson 2015). The generally slow rate of these processes may be upset and hastened by catastrophic events which disturb or even completely reorganise the geo-ecosystem.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deciphering the history of forest disturbance and its effects on landforms and soils – lessons from a pit-and-mound locality at Rogowa Kopa, Sudetes, SW Poland

Pawlik

Musielok

Migoń³

et al. 2017

Bulletin of Geography. Physical Geography Series

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Abstract. The historical dimension of pit-and-mound topography has been studied at the Mt Rogowa Kopa locality, Stołowe Mountains, SW Poland. This site represents one of the best developed regional examples of hummocky forest floor relief due to widespread tree uprooting and subsequent degradation of root plates. Through map analysis and dendrochronology the disturbance history was traced to at least the 1930s and, most likely, a strong wind episode from 1933 was the reason for the forest calamity that resulted in the nearly total destruction of the original stand. However, the affected forest was a planted Norway spruce monoculture, introduced and managed until at least the beginning of the 20 th century, and not a natural forest. The windthrow niche was then used by beech, whose individuals preferentially chose mounds to grow, conserving the hummocky microtopography. Changes in soil evolutionary pathways brought about by wind-driven disturbance include both haploidisation (rejuvenation) and horizonation (differentiation). Evidence of soil rejuvenation includes a decrease in organic carbon content and an increase in pH in the upper parts of soils developed on mounds relative to the pH of undisturbed references soils. Soil texture was relatively homogenised in pits and mounds. Dating of the pit-and-mound microrelief by means of soil properties (organic carbon content, iron forms) was only partly successful. Although the young age of pits and mounds is evident, the actual age inferred from soil properties was underestimated by a few tens of years. Evaluation of factors potentially controlling the propensity to widespread treethrow suggests that the type of forest is a far more important variable than local abiotic factors of bedrock geology, regolith characteristics, and slope inclination.

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Disturbances can control fine-scale pedodiversity in old-growth forests: is the soil evolution theory disturbed as well?

Cited by 39 publications

References 80 publications

Complexity of Earth Surface System Evolutionary Pathways

Complexity of Earth Surface System Evolutionary Pathways

Principles of geomorphic disturbance and recovery in response to storms

Deciphering the history of forest disturbance and its effects on landforms and soils – lessons from a pit-and-mound locality at Rogowa Kopa, Sudetes, SW Poland

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