Disturbance in Some Fertility Biomarkers Induced and Changes in Testis Architecture by Chronic Exposure to Various Dosages of Each of Nonylphenol or Bisphenol A and Their Mix

Abstract

This investigation was conducted to demonstrate the potential impacts of different doses of Bisphenol A(BPA) or Nonylphenol (NP) and their mixtures on some biological activities in male albino rats. Seventy male albino rats were allocated to the control group (GI) and were given 1 mL of ethanol. G II and G III were given 100 mg/kg of each of BPA and NP, G IV and G V were given 25 mg/kg of each of BPA and NP, G VI was given a high dose of BPA and NP, and G VII was given a low dose of BPA and NP. All animals were treated orally for 60 days. Serum biomarkers of oxidative stress, antioxidants, immune-inflammatory mediators, and apoptotic markers were determined, as well as a histopathological examination of the testis at the end of the experimental period. The results obtained showed a pronounced increase in malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PC), and 4-hydroxynonenol(4-HNE), concomitant with a significant reduction in serum Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase enzyme (CAT), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in all treated groups. A significant elevation in TNF Alpha, TNF Beta, and Caspase 3 serum was recorded individually and in the groups treated with high doses. The disturbance is represented by histological damage in the testis in the germinal epithelium and a decrease in spermatozoa inside the lumen of seminiferous tubules. The effects on testis tissues were dose-dependent, pronounced in mixture doses, and remarkable in higher doses. In conclusion, exposure to BPA and NP strongly impacts antioxidants, immune-inflammatory mediators, and testis tissue architecture. Furthermore, the data from this investigation support the idea that exposure to BPA and NP in daily life has multiple damages.

Immunohistochemical investigation of the effects of different doses of some endocrine-disrupting chemicals on receptorinteracting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) levels in the testis

“…19 Among the studies performed, significant increases in TNF Alpha, TNF Beta, and Caspase 3 levels were observed in BPA and NP exposure, and histological changes such as decreased spermatozoa in the lumen of seminiferous tubules and impaired germinal epithelium were detected. 16 In the present study, we found that different doses of these EDCs immunohistochemically altered the expression level of RIPK1 in testicular tissue. We used low and high dosages of BPA, NP, and their combined forms in a rat model.…”

“…21 Studies have noted apoptosis in germ cells, Sertoli and Leydig cells, and vacuolation in seminiferous tubules. 16,22,23 In a study, apoptotic formations and a significant increase in serum caspase three levels were detected in the germinal cells of rats exposed to 100 mg/kg doses of BPA, NP, and their mixture. 16 According to one study, BPA and NP have harmful effects that are dose-dependent on several parameters, including sperm toxicity, testicular weight, and prostate gland weight.…”

“…16,22,23 In a study, apoptotic formations and a significant increase in serum caspase three levels were detected in the germinal cells of rats exposed to 100 mg/kg doses of BPA, NP, and their mixture. 16 According to one study, BPA and NP have harmful effects that are dose-dependent on several parameters, including sperm toxicity, testicular weight, and prostate gland weight. 13 Studies confirmed that this substance causes oxidative stress by lowering SOD, CAT levels, and GPx in different tissues.…”

“…Mix (low) group (25 mg/kg) and Mix (high) group (100 mg/kg) were given equal amounts of each of BPA and NP. All agents were administered orally by gastric tube as 4 mL/kg 16.…”