District Heating System Optimisation: A Three-Phase Thermo-Hydraulic Linear Model

Abstract

Investments in the development of the district heating system require a thorough analysis of the technical, economic, and legal aspects. Regarding the technical and economic context, a mathematical model of the district heating system has been proposed. It optimizes both the technical and economic aspects of the function and development of a district heating system. To deal with non-linearities, the developed linear programming model is divided into three phases: flow, thermal, and pressure. Therein, non-linear dependencies are calculated between the linear optimization phases. This paper presents the main assumptions and equations that were used to calculate the parameters of the heating system, along with the optimal level of heat production, the flow rate of the heating medium in the heat nodes and edges of the network graph, the heat, power, and temperature losses at each edge, and the purchase costs of heat and its transmission. The operation of the model was tested on a real-world district heating system. The case study results confirm that the model is effective and can be used in decision support. The economic results of the model, before the calibration process, were 3.6% different from historical values. After the calibration process, they were very similar to the real data—all percentage deviations were within 1%.

Comparative analysis of district heating markets: examining recent prices, regulatory frameworks, and pricing control mechanisms in Poland and selected neighbouring countries

“…As mentioned, the CHP plants that generate district heating in the market analyzed are mainly hard coal-fired and natural gas-fired ones (Matuszewska et al 2020;Pałka et al 2023). Therefore, the prices are vulnerable to the recent fluctuations in the international fuel markets and changes in the prices of carbon certificates.…”