Distributions of Genetic Markers in United States Populations: II. Isoenzyme Systems

Abstract

All published and unpublished population frequency data that could be located for U.S. populations is tabulated and presented for the isoenzyme systems phosphoglucomutase, esterase D, adenylate kinase, acid phosphatase, glyoxalase 1, adenosine deaminase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, carbonic anhydrase II, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Results obtained by combining data for comparable racial/ethnic groups are also presented. The results obtained with combined data may give better information on frequencies for the U.S. population at large than is obtainable from studies conducted in restricted geographic areas.

Forensic proteomics

“…The presence of the two glycosyltransferases responsible for the epitopes, the N-acetylgalactosaminlyltransferase for the Type A and galactosyltransferase for Type B, is genetically variant [34]. The result is a set of powerful immunological tools for individualization, exclusion and paternity testing [35,36]. The probability that any individual would have a given variant was dependent on their genetic ancestry [34].…”

“…The use of these markers in forensics was widespread until the DNA revolution that began with Sir Alec Jeffreys and expanded and became codified with the adoption of STRtyping methodologies [5,[37][38][39]. Some of the tissue-specific proteins described were also discovered to have genetic variants [20,36]. Advances in chromatography, gel and paper electrophoresis, and enzyme kinetics were used to both identify these variants and develop assays for their detection in forensic samples [40].…”

“…The distribution of each variant in the population was used to estimate random match probability in early versions of the product rule [36,41]. These assays however were typically insensitive and consumed limited evidentiary material.…”

“…The levels of discrimination gained roughly ranged across one to three orders of magnitude [41,42]. In spite of these now modest levels of discrimination, early protein-based assays were used for body fluid identification, individualization or exclusion, and species determination [20,36,42].…”

Distributions of Genetic Markers in a Nebraska Population

“…Genetic marker frequency data are available for a number of populations throughout the world [1] an~t in the United States [2][3][4]. It is, nevertheless, of value to have frequency data for a population that is served by a forensic science laboratory.…”