Distribution, transport, and fate of the insecticides malathion and parathion in the environment

Mulla, Mir S.; Mian, Lal S.; Kawecki, James A.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-5972-5_1

Cited by 42 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 278 publications

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“…al .2000). None of the malathion concentrations calculated in this study exceeded the LC50 or EC50 parameters measured for fish species (Mulla et al 1981 (Mulla et al 1981). In humans, the percutaneous absorption of malathion ranges from 0.9 for the palm to 4.2 for the armpit, with the forearm (1.0) being the reference region (Mulla et al 1981).…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 49%

Bulk Deposition of Pesticides in a Canadian City: Part 2. Impact of Malathion Use Within City Limits

Farenhorst

Andronak

McQueen

2015

Water Air Soil Pollut

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Abstract:Malathion is an organophosphate insecticide registered for use in cities throughout North America to control adult mosquitoes. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of urban malathion applications on the levels of malathion detected in bulk deposition. In 2010, malathion was applied by the City of Winnipeg's Insect Control Branch for a total amount of 6,632 kg in the city, as well as by the general public in relatively small amounts. In 2011, no malathion was applied by the city. Malathion was detected in 41% of the samples in 2010 with deposition rates ranging from 0.5 to 107.7 µg/m2/week. Only 9% of the samples contained malathion in 2011 with deposition rates always being < 0.4 µg/m2/week. Between 6 to 25% of the samples in 2010 exceeded the toxicological threshold levels of malathion to a range of freshwater amphipods, water fleas and stoneflies, including Daphnia magna which is a bioindicator of good environmental health. The weekly maximum malathion concentration detected in this study (5.2 μg/L for a week in June 2010) was at least 26 times greater than the maximum concentration of malathion reported in other atmospheric deposition studies. For the two insect management areas (7.4 and 37.6 km2) where the bulk deposition samplers had been placed, calculations suggested that between 1.2 to 5.1% of the malathion applied by the city became bulk deposition. Percutaneous absorption by humans of malathion in rainfall is unknown. Response to Reviewers: BULK DEPOSITION OF PESTICIDES IN A CANADIAN CITY: PART 2. IMPACT OF MALATHION USE WITHIN CITY-LIMITSReply to the questions of the reviewer.Reviewer #1: Interesting manuscript, well-written and easy to read. The objective stated in introduction is met and well supported with good data.A few minor issues: It is malaoxon. We corrected this on page 4.3. Figure 4: X-axis caption : whch should be which.The reviewer means the X-axis caption in figure 2 and we modified "whch" to "which" in this figure. •It is Borrás and we corrected the reference list.•It is 2013 and we corrected the reference.•It is Guilhermino and we corrected the spelling of this reference in the main text.•It is Eichelberg and Lichtenberg 1971 and we corrected the reference list.Additional Information: Question ResponseIf the article is accepted for publication, after acceptance, no changes in authorship, the order of authors, or designation of the corresponding author will be permitted. Have all authors been actively involved in making a substantial scholarly contribution to the design and completion of this research, interpretation of data and conclusions, assisted in drafting and revising the manuscript, read and approved this submission, and are aware that it is being submitted to this journal? If NO, please do not submit your manuscript.Please review the authorship guidelines on the journal's homepage for guidance (www.springer.com/11270?). Malathion has been used in North American cities to minimize West Nile virus clinical cases. There are concerns about the exposure o...

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Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 49%

Bulk Deposition of Pesticides in a Canadian City: Part 2. Impact of Malathion Use Within City Limits

Farenhorst

Andronak

McQueen

2015

Water Air Soil Pollut

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“…Surface water contamination may have ecotoxicological effects on aquatic flora and fauna, and on human health if used for public consumption (Forney and Davis 1981;Leonard and Knisel 1988;Miyamoto et al 1990;Mulla et al 1981). It is usually dependent on the agricultural season and it does not last long, while groundwater contamination has a strong inertia, which may cause continuous human exposure (Funari et al 1995).…”

Section: Pesticidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influences of natural and anthropogenic factors on surface and groundwater quality in rural and urban areas

Khatri¹,

Tyagi²

2014

Frontiers in Life Science

753

283

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Although water constitutes 71% of the earth's surface, only 0.3% of it is available as fresh water for human use. Moreover, the quality of fresh water in ground and surface systems is of great concern, as potable water needs to have appropriate mineral content. Ground and surface water quality in rural and urban environments is affected by both natural processes and anthropogenic influences. Because of this, water is becoming scarcer as the population increases across the world. Natural processes leading to changes in water quality include weathering of rocks, evapotranspiration, depositions due to wind, leaching from soil, run-off due to hydrological factors, and biological processes in the aquatic environment. These natural processes cause changes in the pH and alkalinity of the water, and also phosphorus loading, increase in fluoride content and high concentrations of sulphates. Anthropogenic factors affecting water quality include impacts due to agriculture, use of fertilizers, manures and pesticides, animal husbandry activities, inefficient irrigation practices, deforestation of woods, aquaculture, pollution due to industrial effluents and domestic sewage, mining, and recreational activities. These anthropogenic influences cause elevated concentrations of heavy metals, mercury, coliforms and nutrient loads. This paper studies the effects of natural processes and human influences in rural and urban aquatic systems. Pollution due to environmental parameters such as heavy metal pollution, heavy metals and bacterial and pathogenic contamination of both urban and rural areas is discussed in detail.

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“…The corresponding oxons are substantially more toxic, typically more potent in inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) than their parent compounds (Ryan and Fukuto, 1985;Wu and Laird, 2003;Kralj et al, 2007). There are extensive studies on the oxidation of malathion and chlorpyrifos in the soil and water (Mulla et al, 1981;Miles and Takashima, 1991;Racke, 1993). Besides oxidation, the hydrolysis reaction can also take place during the degradation of malathion and chlorpyrifos and play an important role in their degradation in soil (Mulla et al, 1981;Miles and Takashima, 1991;Racke, 1993) and water (Mulla et al, 1981;Liu et al, 2001;Pehkonen and Zhang, 2002;Duirk et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are extensive studies on the oxidation of malathion and chlorpyrifos in the soil and water (Mulla et al, 1981;Miles and Takashima, 1991;Racke, 1993). Besides oxidation, the hydrolysis reaction can also take place during the degradation of malathion and chlorpyrifos and play an important role in their degradation in soil (Mulla et al, 1981;Miles and Takashima, 1991;Racke, 1993) and water (Mulla et al, 1981;Liu et al, 2001;Pehkonen and Zhang, 2002;Duirk et al, 2008). In the atmosphere, gas-phase malathion can be oxidized to malaoxon by atmospheric oxidants such as ozone, nitrate radicals and OH radicals (Brown et al, 1993).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heterogeneous ozonation of suspended malathion and chlorpyrifos particles

et al. 2010

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a b s t r a c tThe heterogeneous ozonation of suspended malathion and chlorpyrifos particles are studied in real-time with a vacuum ultraviolet photoionization aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer (VUV-ATOFMS). The pesticide particles with the diameter of hundreds of nanometers are generated by the homogeneous nucleation method using azelaic acid as nucleus. The reactions are carried out in an aerosol reaction chamber under ambient pressure (1 atm) and room temperature (298 K), respectively. The time-of-flight mass spectra of the solid-state ozonation products of malathion and chlorpyrifos are obtained. The assignments of the mass spectra reveal that the major ozonation products of malathion particles are s-(1,2-diethoxycarbonyl)ethyl-O,O-dimethylphosphorothioate (malaoxon), 2-mercapto-succinic acid diethylester, 1,2-dicarbethoxyethyl-dimethoxyphosphinyldisulfide and bis(1,2-bis-ethoxycarbonylethyl)disulfide. The experimental results reveal that water vapor can enhance the formation of malaoxon, 2-mercapto-succinic acid diethylester and bis(1,2-bis-ethoxycarbonyl-ethyl)disulfide. In the case of chlorpyrifos, the sole ozonation product observed is 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl-diethylphosphate (chlorpyrifos oxon). The pathways of heterogeneous ozonation of malathion and chlorpyrifos particles are proposed. The atmospheric lifetimes of malathion and chlorpyrifos particles towards ozone reaction are estimated based on the time-dependent mass spectrometric signals obtained.

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Distribution, transport, and fate of the insecticides malathion and parathion in the environment

Cited by 42 publications

References 278 publications

Bulk Deposition of Pesticides in a Canadian City: Part 2. Impact of Malathion Use Within City Limits

Bulk Deposition of Pesticides in a Canadian City: Part 2. Impact of Malathion Use Within City Limits

Influences of natural and anthropogenic factors on surface and groundwater quality in rural and urban areas

Heterogeneous ozonation of suspended malathion and chlorpyrifos particles

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