Distribution Patterns of Zoochlorellae and Zooxanthellae Hosted by Two Pacific Northeast Anemones, <i>Anthopleura elegantissima</i> and <i>A. xanthogrammica</i>

Bates, Amanda E.; Mclean, Lily; Laing, Peter; Raeburn, Lisa; Hare, Crystal

doi:10.1086/bblv218n3p237

Cited by 10 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…E. marina occurs much higher in the intertidal zone and approximately 6u farther south in A. xanthogrammica than in A. elegantissima (Bates 2000;Secord and Augustine 2000). These contrasting distribution patterns do not appear to be related to differences in habitat or the relative size of the two anemone species (Bates et al 2010), and suggest that symbiont physiology cannot entirely account for symbiont zonation and biogeography. Nevertheless, the physiological hardiness of high-latitude symbionts is clear (Muller-Parker et al 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Seasonal stability of a flexible algal–cnidarian symbiosis in a highly variable temperate environment

Dimond

Bingham

Muller‐Parker

et al. 2011

Limnology & Oceanography

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We evaluated the seasonal stability of two algal symbiont populations in the temperate intertidal sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima on San Juan Island, Washington, where the relatively thermally tolerant dinoflagellate Symbiodinium muscatinei coexists with the less thermally tolerant chlorophyte Elliptochloris marina. Random collection of anemones along repeatedly sampled transects over four seasons and three shore heights revealed S. muscatinei to be the dominant symbiont, with E. marina mostly limited to anemones in the lower intertidal zone. At the lowest shore height sampled (+0.2 m), the proportion of E. marina was between 40% and 50% of the total symbiont population throughout the year. Symbiont distribution patterns persisted despite considerable seasonal variation in aerial exposure, temperature, irradiance, nutrients, and phytoplankton concentration, as well as a high potential for symbiont shuffling, with mixed-symbiont assemblages occurring in 51% of all anemones sampled. Symbiont density in anemones also changed little despite three-to fourfold-higher division frequencies of both symbionts during July and November. Although the intertidal zonation of these symbionts was stable over an annual period, we predict that their spatial distributions will be responsive to longer-term environmental change, and anticipate that this anemone symbiosis will be a useful and highly tractable barometer for future climate change, with this study serving as a baseline.A diverse array of shallow-water cnidarians, including sea anemones, corals, jellyfish, and hydroids, engage in endosymbioses with phototrophic dinoflagellates (Symbiodinium spp.) that translocate photosynthetic products to their host. Many of these symbioses exhibit plasticity with respect to both the population density and genetic identity of the dinoflagellate partner, allowing them to exploit a wide range of conditions that vary spatially and temporally. In tropical systems, where cnidarian symbioses are particularly well studied, many hosts show depth-related differences in symbiont density and physiology, and also undergo predictable seasonal fluctuations in symbiont density and physiology that are correlated with environ-

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Seasonal stability of a flexible algal–cnidarian symbiosis in a highly variable temperate environment

Dimond

Bingham

Muller‐Parker

et al. 2011

Limnology & Oceanography

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“…Similarly, where E. marina co-occurs in the two host species, it is typically only hosted by A. elegantissima in the low intertidal zone, whereas in A. xanthogrammica it is hosted much further up the shore (Secord and Augustine, 2000). Furthermore, E. marina is more prevalent in A. xanthogrammica even among similar-sized individuals of the two host species living adjacent to each other in the same habitat (Bates et al, 2010). The symbiotic dinoflagellate S. muscatinei, meanwhile, is considerably more prevalent in A. elegantissima than in A. xanthogrammica.…”

Section: Al 2005) Bhagooli and Hidakamentioning

confidence: 99%

Thicker host tissues moderate light stress in a cnidarian endosymbiont

Dimond

Holzman

Bingham

2012

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYThe susceptibility of algal-cnidarian holobionts to environmental stress is dependent on attributes of both host and symbiont, but the role of the host is often unclear. We examined the influence of the host on symbiont light stress, comparing the photophysiology of the chlorophyte symbiont Elliptochloris marina in two species of sea anemones in the genus Anthopleura. After 3months of acclimation in outdoor tanks, polyp photoprotective contraction behavior was similar between the two host species, but photochemical efficiency was 1.5 times higher in A. xanthogrammica than in A. elegantissima. Maximum relative electron transport rates, derived from rapid light curves, were 1.5 times higher in A. xanthogrammica than in A. elegantissima when symbionts were inside intact tissues, but were not significantly different between host species upon removal of outer (epidermis and mesoglea) tissue layers from symbiont-containing gastrodermal cells. Tissues of A. xanthogrammica were 1.8 times thicker than those of A. elegantissima, with outer tissue layers attenuating 1.6 times more light. We found no significant differences in light absorption properties per unit volume of tissue, confirming the direct effect of tissue thickness on light attenuation. The thicker tissues of A. xanthogrammica thus provide a favorable environment for E. marina -a relatively stresssusceptible symbiont -and may explain its higher prevalence and expanded range in A. xanthogrammica along the Pacific coast of North America. Our findings also support a photoprotective role for thicker host tissues in reef corals that has long been thought to influence variability in bleaching susceptibility among coral taxa.

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“…Bates et al (2010) compared A. xan thogrammica and A. elegantissima of similar sizes that co-occurred in tidepools and rock crevices and found that more than 95% of A. elegantissima individuals contained primarily zooxanthellae, while 55% of A. xanthogrammica individuals contained primarily zoochlorellae. It is possible that the relatively high nutritional contributions of zoochlorellae 91 Mar Ecol Prog Ser 453: 79-94, 2012 observed in the present study are typical for the A. xanthogrammica symbiosis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution patterns and nutritional contributions of algal symbionts in the sea anemone Anthopleura xanthogrammica

Levine¹,

Muller‐Parker²

2012

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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The Pacific intertidal sea anemone Anthopleura xanthogrammica hosts 2 algal symbionts, zoochlorellae Elliptochloris marina and zooxanthellae Symbiodinium muscatinei, either alone or co-occurring. Previous studies have suggested that zoochlorellae and zooxanthellae represent 'cool' and 'warm' symbionts with respect to their field distributions, and that these symbionts may differ in their nutritional contributions to their host. We examined the seasonal distribution, density, and growth of these symbionts in A. xanthogrammica tentacles from tidepools and surge channels on the Olympic peninsula in Washington State, USA, measured temperature variation between these microhabitats, and estimated the contributions of zoochlorellae to A. xanthogrammica diet. Tentacles containing dense concentrations of zoochlorellae were found in both tidepools and surge channels at the lower intertidal limit of anemone occurrence. At the upper intertidal limit, tentacles containing primarily zoochlorellae were found in tidepools, and tentacles containing primarily zooxanthellae were found in surge channels. More extreme high tem peratures in the upper surge channel may limit the distribution of zoochlorellae and favor a higher proportion of zooxanthellae in this microhabitat. Despite pronounced seasonal fluctuations in temperature, symbiont composition, density, and dietary carbon sources remained remarkably con sistent. Stable isotope analysis showed that A. xanthogrammica received a greater proportion of dietary carbon from zoochlorellae (62−70%) than from heterotrophic feeding on Mytilus californianus mussels (31−38%). This study shows that dense concentrations of zoochlorellae are found in A. xanthogrammica tentacles in cooler microhabitats, and that this symbiont can contribute substantially to anemone nutrition. KEY WORDS: Zoochlorellae · Zooxanthellae · Temperate symbiosis · Anthopleura xanthogrammica Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherMar Ecol Prog Ser 453: [79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94] 2012 dominate at high shore heights, mixed zoochlorellae and zooxanthellae populations are found at intermediate shore heights, and zoochlorellae occur primarily at low shore heights (Bates 2000, Kitaeff 2007. This pattern for A. xanthogrammica is also evident on a latitudinal scale, with zooxanthellate anemones found at low latitudes, mixed anemones at intermediate latitudes, and zoochlorellate anemones at high latitudes (Secord & Augustine 2000, Kitaeff 2007.Field distributions of symbionts in Anthopleura elegantissima further support a 'cool' and 'warm' symbiont distribution, with this anemone's generally smaller, and therefore warmer , body containing more zooxanthellae throughout its range, with an exclusion of zoochlorellae seen at lower latitudes and upper shore heights, than in A. xantho grammica (Secord & Augustine 2000). In A. elegantissima, algal distributions remain stable seasonally despite considerable variation in aerial temperature and irr...

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Distribution Patterns of Zoochlorellae and Zooxanthellae Hosted by Two Pacific Northeast Anemones, Anthopleura elegantissima and A. xanthogrammica

Cited by 10 publications

References 44 publications

Seasonal stability of a flexible algal–cnidarian symbiosis in a highly variable temperate environment

Seasonal stability of a flexible algal–cnidarian symbiosis in a highly variable temperate environment

Thicker host tissues moderate light stress in a cnidarian endosymbiont

Distribution patterns and nutritional contributions of algal symbionts in the sea anemone Anthopleura xanthogrammica

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