Distribution, patchiness, and behavior of Antarctic zooplankton, assessed using multi-frequency acoustic techniques

Abstract

The physical and biological forces that drive zooplankton distribution and patchiness in an antarctic continental shelf region were examined, with particular emphasis on the Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba. This was accomplished by the application of acoustic, video, and environmental sensors during surveys of the region in and around Marguerite Bay, west of the Antarctic Peninsula, in the falls and winters of 2001 and 2002. An important component of the research involved the development and verification of methods for extracting estimates of ecologically-meaningful quantities from measurements of scattered sound. The distribution of acoustic volume backscattering at the single frequency of 120 kHz was first examined as an index of the overall biomass of zooplankton. Distinct spatial and seasonal patterns were observed that coincided with advective features. Improved parameterization was then achieved for a theoretical model of Antarctic krill target strength, the quantity necessary in scaling measurements of scattered sound to estimates of abundance, through direct measurement of all necessary model parameters for krill sampled in the study region and survey period. Methods were developed for identifying and delineating krill aggregations, allowing the distribution of krill to be distinguished from that of the overall zooplankton community. Additional methods were developed and verified for estimating the length, abundance, and biomass of krill in each acoustically-identified aggregation. These methods were applied to multifrequency acoustic survey data, demonstrating strong seasonal, inter-annual, and spatial variability in the distribution of krill biomass. Highest biomass was consistently associated with regions close to land where temperatures at depth were cool. Finally, the morphology, internal structure, and vertical position of individual krill aggregations were examined. The observed patterns of variability in aggregation characteristics between day and night, regions of high versus low food availability, and in the presence or absence of predators, together reinforced the conclusion that aggregation and diel vertical migration represent strategies to avoid visual predators, while also allowing the krill access to shallowly-distributed food resources. The various findings of this work have important implications to the fields of zooplankton acoustics and Antarctic krill ecology, especially in relation to the interactions of the krill with its predators.

Biogenic inputs to ocean mixing

“…Indirect methods of field sampling include acoustic measurements (to locate populations of swimming animals in the water column) and net tows (which provide information on the identity of the migrating swimmers). However, powerful swimmers are able to evade nets and often these measurements do not adequately represent animal abundance in aggregations (Lawson, 2006). Therefore, oceanographers are employing additional methods (i.e.…”

Dynamics of marine zooplankton : social behavior ecological interactions, and physically-induced variability

“…Social groups may form at relatively small spatial scales controlled by the swimming behavior of individuals, but in the ocean they are observed to assemble into large-scale patterns, possibly with fractal structure (Lawson, 2006). Variability of the flow may contribute to the formation of these "super-swarms", but the mechanisms are not well known.…”

“…The spatial distribution of zooplankton is observed to be highly variable (e.g. Mackas and Boyd, deeper during daytime than during the night (Lawson, 2006); swarms can reach densities of 1000 g/m 3 and horizontal scales of a few kilometers Kalinowski and Witek, 1985;Miller and Hampton, 1989). …”

“…Acoustic measurements show aggregations of Antarctic krill range in size from tens of meters to several kilometers (Lawson, 2006). The average density and depth of these aggregations vary throughout the diurnal cycle, suggesting that the behavior is an adaptive response to predatory pressure and resources availability: during the day time, krill tend to form dense aggregations deep in the water column, possibly to avoid being detected by predators; at night, they tend to form low-density aggregations at shallow depths, where food is abundant (Figure 4-10).…”

Ocean circulation and dynamics on the west Antarctic Peninsula continental shelf

“…Chlorophyll (Dierssen et al, 2002), nutrient deficits (Serebrennikova and Fanning, 2004) and plankton concentrations Lawson et al, 2004;Lawson, 2006) are high along the coast. This suggests that the APCC might be key to providing a favorable environment for biological production.…”