“…8 Engels, 2008Blanc, 1992;Bruguière, 1986;Dansette, 1936;Chabannes, 1972;Guilleminault/ Singer-Lecocq, 1975;Mollier, 1991;Thiveaud, 1997;Jankowski, 2000;Fortescue, 2002;Garrigues, 2003. 9 Eisenstadt/ Hoogenboom/ Trefousse, 1978Nelli, 1970;Allswang, 1986;Summers, 1987Summers, / 2003Summers, / 2004Lindberg, 1991;Eisenstadt, 1990;Lammersdorf, 1995;Morrison, 2000;Harter, 2002;Grossmann, 2003;White, 2003;Hohenstein, 2004. long time two theories about corruption between 1500 and 1800 prevailed. First, Jacob van Klaveren, in his seminal article, claimed that early modern societies had been thoroughly corrupt, because there had been no separation between the public sphere and private interest, public offices having been exploited in the same way as private enterprise.…”