Distribution of Toxin Genes and Enterotoxins in Bacillus thuringiensis Isolated from Microbial Insecticide Products

Cho, Seung-Hak; Kang, Suk-Ho; Lee, Yea-Eun; Kim, Sung-Jo; Yoo, Young-Bin; Bak, Yeong-Seok; Kim, Jung-Beom

doi:10.4014/jmb.1506.06025

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The latter arises from an infection with vegetative cells, which produce enterotoxins, mainly the non-haemolytic enterotoxin (Nhe), haemolysin BL (Hbl) and cytotoxin K (CytK), in the human intestine [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ]. Like B. cereus , B. thuringiensis exhibits the enterotoxin genes nhe, hbl and cytK [ 18 , 19 , 20 ]. Moreover, B. thuringiensis could be related to food-borne outbreaks [ 21 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enteropathogenic Potential of Bacillus thuringiensis Isolates from Soil, Animals, Food and Biopesticides

Schwenk

Riegg

Lacroix³

et al. 2020

Foods

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Despite its benefits as biological insecticide, Bacillus thuringiensis bears enterotoxins, which can be responsible for a diarrhoeal type of food poisoning. Thus, all 24 isolates from foodstuffs, animals, soil and commercially used biopesticides tested in this study showed the genetic prerequisites necessary to provoke the disease. Moreover, though highly strain-specific, various isolates were able to germinate and also to actively move, which are further requirements for the onset of the disease. Most importantly, all isolates could grow under simulated intestinal conditions and produce significant amounts of enterotoxins. Cytotoxicity assays classified 14 isolates as highly, eight as medium and only two as low toxic. Additionally, growth inhibition by essential oils (EOs) was investigated as preventive measure against putatively enteropathogenic B. thuringiensis. Cinnamon Chinese cassia showed the highest antimicrobial activity, followed by citral, oregano and winter savory. In all tests, high strain-specific variations appeared and must be taken into account when evaluating the hazardous potential of B. thuringiensis and using EOs as antimicrobials. Altogether, the present study shows a non-negligible pathogenic potential of B. thuringiensis, independently from the origin of isolation. Generally, biopesticide strains were indistinguishable from other isolates. Thus, the use of these pesticides might indeed increase the risk for consumers’ health. Until complete information about the safety of the applied strains and formulations is available, consumers or manufacturers might benefit from the antimicrobial activity of EOs to reduce the level of contamination.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enteropathogenic Potential of Bacillus thuringiensis Isolates from Soil, Animals, Food and Biopesticides

Schwenk

Riegg

Lacroix³

et al. 2020

Foods

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“…These two bacteria are highly similar in biochemical results (Böhm et al, 2015), and genetic properties (Osman et al, 2015). Cho et al (2015) also reported that the genetic and phenotypic properties between these bacteria are barely distinguishable. Furthermore, Pfrunder et al reported that B. cereus group species cannot be reliably identified using classical biotyping (Pfrunder et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differentiation of Bacillus thuringiensis From Bacilluscereus Group Using a Unique Marker Based on Real-Time PCR

et al. 2019

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The efficiency of a novel biomarker (the transcriptional regulator, XRE ) was tested and evaluated in differentiating Bacillus thuringiensis from Bacillus cereus group species in environmental and spiked samples based on PCR and real-time PCR. Totally 120 strains, representing two bacterial groups, B. cereus group and non- Bacillus sp., were used to evaluate the performance of XRE and crystal protein ( cry 2, an existing biomarker). Further, three diverse samples (kimbap, lettuce, and spinach) were inoculated with B. thuringiensis and prominent biomarkers XRE and cry 2 were used as targets. Direct analysis of the detection results for the pure cultures of B. cereus group wild-types, references and type strains revealed an accuracy rate of 97.5% targeting XRE , and 83.3% targeting cry 2. The real-time PCR was constructed with a R 2 -value of 0.993. For the artificially contaminated samples, a concentration of 10 3 CFU/g of B. thuringiensis in spiked food samples could be detected using real-time PCR targeting XRE. A good performance was obtained with XRE in discriminating B. thuringiensis from B. cereus groups, as well as detecting B. thuringiensis in spiked food samples with PCR or real-time PCR. Therefore, this real-time PCR targeting X RE can be used as a dependable and promising tool to identify B. thuringiensis in foods.

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“…The emetic syndrome caused by an intoxication is characterised by an acute attack of nausea and emesis occurring within 1-5 hours after consumption, caused by cereulide, a heat stable, ringstructured dodecadepsipeptide toxin [15,16] . The diarrheal syndrome characterised by abdominal pain and diarrhea, with an incubation period of 4-16 h and symptoms that last for 12-24 h, can be caused by the enterotoxincomplexes nonhaemolytic enterotoxin (NHE), haemolysin BL (HBL) and enterotoxin FM (EntFM) and the single protein cytotoxin K (CytK) [17][18][19] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Süt ve Peynirden İzole Edilen Bacillus cereus’un Prevalansı, Enterokoksin Üretimi ve Antibiyotik Direnci

Yibar¹,

Çetinkaya²,

Soyutemiz³

et al. 2017

Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg

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Bacillus cereus is a type of bacteria that can cause severe food poisoning. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of B. cereus in various full-fat milk and cheese samples and to assess the HBL (haemolysin BL) and NHE (nonhaemolytic enterotoxin) production and the resistance to several antimicrobial agents of the isolates. A total of 259 samples of full-fat milk (raw, pasteurized and UHT) and cheese obtained from different retail markets in Bursa province between July and December 2013 were analysed. Isolation of B. cereus was performed using Bacara agar according to the method suggested by FDA. Twenty six (10.04%) out of 259 samples were found to be contaminated with presumptive B. cereus based on their colony morphology and microscopic appearance, by counts that ranged from 1x10 1 to 1.1x10 3 CFU/mL in raw and pasteurized milk and from 4x10 1 to 3.8x10 5 CFU/g in cheese. Thirteen isolates of B. cereus were identified by API system. However, further analysis using MALDI-TOF-MS confirmed 19 isolates as B. cereus. Thirteen out of 19 (68.4%) isolates showed evidence of only NHE toxin production while six out of 19 (31.6%) isolates were positive for both NHE and HBL production. All isolates were resistant to penicillin G, although they were susceptible to oleondamycin, erythromycin and streptomycin. There were seven different patterns of multiple antibiotic resistance in this study. In our study, 84.2% (n = 16) of B. cereus isolates exhibited multiple antibiotic resistance. Keywords: Bacillus cereus, Milk, Cheese, Enterotoxin, Multiple antibiotic resistance Süt ve Peynirden İzole Edilen Bacillus cereus'un Prevalansı, Enterokoksin Üretimi ve Antibiyotik Direnci ÖzetBacillus cereus ciddi gıda zehirlenmesine neden olabilen bir bakteri türüdür. Bu çalışmanın amacı, çeşitli süt ve peynir örneklerinde B. cereus insidansını belirlemek ve elde edilen izolatların HBL (hemolizin BL) ve NHE (nonhemolitik enterotoksin) üretimini ve çeşitli antimikrobiyal ajanlara direncini belirlemektir. Temmuz -Aralık 2013 tarihleri arasında Bursa ilinde farklı satış yerlerinden toplam 259 adet tam yağlı süt (çiğ, pastörize ve UHT) ve peynir örneği analiz edilmiştir. B.cereus izolasyonu FDA tarafından önerilen metoda göre Bacara agar kullanılarak yapıldı. Analize alınan çiğ ve pastörize süt örneklerinde 1x10 1 ile 1.1x10 3 kob/mL ve peynirde 4x10 1 ile 3.8x10 5 kob/g arasında değişen sayılarda olmak üzere, toplamda 259 örneğin 26 adetinin (%10.04) koloni morfolojileri ve mikroskobik görünüşlerine de dayalı olarak B. cereus ile kontamine olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Örneklerden elde edilen 13 adet B. cereus izolatı API sistemi ile identifiye edilmiştir. Bununla birlikte, MALDI-TOF-MS kullanılarak yapılan analizde, 19 adet izolat B. cereus olarak identifiye edilmiştir. Bu 19 izolatın 13'ünün (%68.4) sadece NHE toksini bakımından, altı izolatın da (%31.6) NHE ve HBL toksinleri bakımından pozitif olduğu gözlenmiştir. Tüm izolatlar oleondamisin, eritromisin ve streptomisine duyarlı olmalarına rağmen penisilin G'ye dirençlidir. B...

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Distribution of Toxin Genes and Enterotoxins in Bacillus thuringiensis Isolated from Microbial Insecticide Products

Cited by 10 publications

References 36 publications

Enteropathogenic Potential of Bacillus thuringiensis Isolates from Soil, Animals, Food and Biopesticides

Enteropathogenic Potential of Bacillus thuringiensis Isolates from Soil, Animals, Food and Biopesticides

Differentiation of Bacillus thuringiensis From Bacilluscereus Group Using a Unique Marker Based on Real-Time PCR

Süt ve Peynirden İzole Edilen Bacillus cereus’un Prevalansı, Enterokoksin Üretimi ve Antibiyotik Direnci

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