Distribution of TNF alpha and its reactive vascular adhesion molecules in fibrovascular membranes of proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

Abstract

Aims-This study investigated the presence ofthe cytokine tumour necrosis factor a (TNFa) and the vascular adhesion glyco-

Regulation of VEGF mRNA expression and protein secretion by TGF-β2 in human retinal pigment epithelial cells

“…Several angiogenic factors have been known co-existing within vitreous, retina, preretinal and choroidal neovascular membranes. TNF-α has been detected in the vitreous of patients with diabetic retinopathy (Spranger et al, 1995), infiltrating leukocytes, and extracellular matrix of PDR fibrovascular membranes in human eyes (Limb et al, 1996). TNF-α is the major cytokine produced by macrophages which are often present at the sites of active neovascularization (Penfold et al, 1984).…”

Determination of vitreous interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) levels in proliferative diabetic retinopathy

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] Interleukins play an important role in the regulation of immune mechanisms, and are also thought to be responsible for the development of PDR. Cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1b), and interferon-gama regulate cells and have immune and inflammatory properties.…”

Clinical validation of a link between TNF-α and the glycosylation enzyme core 2 GlcNAc-T and the relationship of this link to diabetic retinopathy

“…In this regard, leucocytes of CD18 and ICAM-1 knock-out mice exhibited significantly decreased adhesion properties, which was associated with fewer damaged endothelial cells and less vascular leakage [27]. The contribution of TNF-α to the onset and progression of diabetic retinopathy is clearly supported by a number of previous studies [28][29][30][31][32][33][34], suggesting the therapeutic potential of anti-inflammatory treatments.…”