Distribution of the uplink multipaths’ arrival delay and azimuth‐elevation arrival angle because of ‘bad urban’ scatterers distributed cylindrically above the mobile

Abstract

For radiowave landmobile cellular wireless communication in ‘bad urban’ environments dominated by high rises, this paper analytically derives closed‐form expressions for the trivariate and bivariate joint distributions of the time‐of‐arrival and two‐dimensional azimuth‐elevation direction‐of‐arrival of the uplink multipaths. These expressions are explicitly in terms of the parameters of a ‘geometrical’ model of the three‐dimensional spatial relationships among the mobile station, the scatterers and the base station. This present ‘geometric model’ idealises the scatterers as uniformly located within the volume of a three‐dimensional vertical above‐ground cylinder whose flat bottom circular base centres at the mobile. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Generalized 3D scattering channel model with MIMO antenna systems

“…To establish the validity and generalizability of the proposed 3D scattering channel model, a comparison of the proposed model with some notable models found in the literature (namely, [5][6], [9][10][11][12], and [15]) is presented in Table 1.…”

“…2. Similarly, the elevation threshold angle is defi ned to separate the scattering region into two partitions in the elevation plane, i.e., (15) As discussed above, the regions defi ned by the partitions and , shown in Fig. 1, can be given as follows (16) Thus, the distances from the MS to the scattering objects located at the boundary of the scattering region can be obtained as (17) …”

“…Therefore, it is essential to consider the spreading of multipath signals in 3D space, i.e., consider them simultaneously in both the azimuth plane and elevation plane. In recent years, several researchers have observed angular spreading of waves in the elevation plane because of the interaction of the waves with building rooftops, the ground, and other vertically disposed objects, for example, [9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. In 2002, a new hemispherical model for signal reception by the MS in 3D environments was proposed in [9].…”

“…In [13], a 3D ellipsoidal model for mobile-to-mobile radio propagation environments is proposed in which the most frequent occurrence of the AOA of the received multipath waves is located around the relative direction at each MS. Alsehaili [14] proposed a 3D ellipsoid scattering channel model in which the AOA PDFs facilitate independent control of the angular spread for both the azimuthal angle and the elevation angle via the model's parameters. Recently, uniformly distributed scattering objects are taken to be in a cylindrical pattern around the MS by Olenko [15]; the model could apply to rural, suburban, or regular ur- (1) Either BS or MS is surrounded by uniformly distributed scatterers confi ned within a hemispheroid.…”

Empirical Models of the Azimuthal Reception Angle—Part I: Comparative Analysis of Empirical Models for Different Propagation Environments

“…The first group of models is defined by geometrical structures that describe the spatial location of the scattering areas in 2D or 3D. The most commonly used geometrical structures are: circle [1][2][3][4], ellipse [3,[5][6][7], ring [8], hemisphere [9], cutting hemisphere [10], and cylinder [11][12][13]. Distribution of scatterers in propagation environment is an additional characteristic that defines each geometrical model.…”