Distribution of the Testis-Specific LDH-X among Avian Taxa with Comments on the Evolution of the LDH Gene Family

Sequence analysis of teleost retina-specific lactate dehydrogenase C: evolutionary implications for the vertebrate lactate dehydrogenase gene family.

“…LDH-C activity has been found only in actinopterygian fishes (6), a single family of birds [Columbidae (8)], and mammals (9). In all mammals studied thus far, LDH-C is expressed only in mature testes, as is the case for columbid birds (9,10). Within the actinopterygian fishes, however, tissue regulation proceeds from a general distribution in most tissues of primitive actinopterygians to a restricted distribution within the retina of many teleosts, or the liver oftwo phylogenetically unrelated teleost orders, the Gadiformes and Cypriniformes (6).…”

Evolutionary implications of the cDNA sequence of the single lactate dehydrogenase of a lamprey.

“…In addition to changes in existing genes, new developmental and metabolic capacities of LDH have arisen by further gene duplication. A third isozyme locus is expressed in the sperm of mammals (10) and columbid birds (10,11) and in a variety of tissues in actinopterygian (rayfinned) fishes, often predominantly in the eye or liver (1). This third LDH locus is usually designated Ldh-C, despite evidence that it may have arisen independently in at least some of these taxa (2,11,12).…”

“…A third isozyme locus is expressed in the sperm of mammals (10) and columbid birds (10,11) and in a variety of tissues in actinopterygian (rayfinned) fishes, often predominantly in the eye or liver (1). This third LDH locus is usually designated Ldh-C, despite evidence that it may have arisen independently in at least some of these taxa (2,11,12). The traditional view of the evolutionary relationships of vertebrate LDH genes has been that a gene duplication occurred at or near the origin of vertebrates, yielding Ldh-A and Ldh-B, with Ldh-C arising later one or more times from one or both of the former genes (1,2,9,(11)(12)(13).…”

“…This third LDH locus is usually designated Ldh-C, despite evidence that it may have arisen independently in at least some of these taxa (2,11,12). The traditional view of the evolutionary relationships of vertebrate LDH genes has been that a gene duplication occurred at or near the origin of vertebrates, yielding Ldh-A and Ldh-B, with Ldh-C arising later one or more times from one or both of the former genes (1,2,9,(11)(12)(13). This view has been called into question recently, however, and the suggestion has been made that the earliest gene duplication gave rise to Ldh-C and the gene that was the common ancestor of Ldh-A and Ldh-B (14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19).…”

IMP-L3, a 20-hydroxyecdysone-responsive gene encodes Drosophila lactate dehydrogenase: Structural characterization and developmental studies

“…The LDH-A and LDH-B subunits also form heterotetramers. LDH C in mammals and columbid birds is expressed only in the testes [Wheat and Goldberg, 1983;Matson, 1989].…”